• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.85-100
• /
• 1981

Serial lateral cephalometric radiographs of 40 Korean children(25 males, 15 females) ranging in age from 6 to 13 years were studied by means of computer morphometrics and statistical analysis. As a result of this study, the following conclusions can be made: 1. In both sexes, the mean growth patterns of the face were very stable and the growth directions of the face were more prominent both forward and down-ward away from the cranial base(S-N). 2. In the mandible, the rotation and the 'wave-like' manner of migration were observed. 3. The size of the lateral faces in males was larger than females at 6 and 13 years of age, and the forms of the lateral faces in males were slightly more squares than females at 13 years of age. 4. The sex differences and practical means in the growth increments and growth rates during 7 years of the growth period were as follows: (1) In the total face, there was a significant sex difference in the growth increments(males $26.21cm^2$, females $23.24cm^2$) and growth rates(males $42.02\%$, females $39.28\%$). (2) In the facial surface 1, there was a significant sex difference in the growth increments(males $21.30cm^2$, females $19.19cm^2$) but there was no significant sex difference in the growth rates(males $41.35\%$, females $39.10\%$). (3) In the anterior total facial height(N-Ne), there was no significant sex difference in the growth increments(males 18.23mm, females 17.45mm) and the growth rates(males $18.44\%$, females $18.19\%$). (4) In the posterior total facial height(S-Go), there was a significant sex difference in the growth increments(males 14.61mm, females 12.98mm) but there was no significant sex difference in the growth rates(males $23.78\%$, females $22.25\%$). 5. The percentages of anterior upper facial height to anterior total facial height in both sexes were very stable in spite of the age increase. 6. The percentage of total facial height to standing height was reduced by the age increase, and the reduced rate of anterior total facial height(males $13.26\%$, females $13.75\%$) was larger than the posterior total facial height(males $9.95\%$, females $11.70\%$). 7. The correlations of lateral facial surfaces to the standing height and the weight were higher in males than females, but the level of correlation in males was in the moderate range.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 1978

The growth changes in craniofacial depth and height from seven to eleven years of age have been studied in thirty two Korean children, consisted of seventeen boys and fifteen girls. The data was obtained from lateral cephalometric radiographs analyzed by the Coben's coordinate system, and the main conclusions might be summarized as follows. 1. Among the craniofacial depth increments the lower facial depth dimension increased the most, mid-facial depth dimension increased loss, and cranial depth dimension increased the least. 2. In spite of the increasing depth dimensions, the mid-facial depth proportion had a tendency to remain stable. 3. The degree of overbite increased markedly from seven to eleven years of age. 4. Increment in the total anterior facial height dimension was larger than that in the total posterior facial height, and the upper anterior facial height increased more than the lower anterior facial height. 5. The lower facial depth proportion increased markedly, and the convexity of the face was reduced significantly. 6. The posterior facial height tended to show small proportional changes. 7. The growth increments in craniofacial complex were larger in the facial height than in the facial depth.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 1974

The author analyzed 64 males and 65 females with normal occlusion from the childhood to the juvenile korean roentgenocephalometrically. And following conclusions were obtained by means of linear analyses. 1. Maxillo-facial structure growth continued quite rapidly until puberty from childhood, and growth of male was increased than that of female after Hellman dental age IV A significantly. 2. The order of growth increments were mandibular, maxillary, and cranial base length in both sexes. 3. In both sexes, the growth of anterior face was more rapid than that of posterior face, and lower facial growth was greater than upper facial growth of anterior and posterior face. 4. The maxillo-facial height growth was rapid than that of the depth in both sexes.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.123-140
• /
• 1985

Variation in the facial pattern and effect of the rotational jaw growth on the facial proportion were studied in serial cephalometric radiographs of 40 Korean children (25 boys, 15 girls) ranging in age from 6 to 13 years. According to Y-axis (N-S-Gn) growth change during the 7 years of period, the subject who had exhibited 'wave-like' manner of Y-axis growth change within ${\pm}\;2^{\circ}$ was classified to the Parallelwise group and the subject who had exhibited Y-axis increase more than $+2^{\circ}$ was classified to the Clockwise rotation group and the subject who had exhibited Y-axis decrease more than $-2^{\circ}$ was classified to the Counterclockwise rotation group. For the comparison of each group, a total of 22 morphologic variables were employed and the data were analyzed by means of computer morphometrics and statistical methods. On the basis of the finding of this study, the following trends were established. 1. The Parallelwise group was $75\%$, the Clockwise rotation group was $12.5\%$ and the Counter-clockwise rotation group was $12.5\%$. 2. The growth pattern of cranial base was related to the rotation of mandible. 9. Maxillary prognathism was occured in the Counterclockwise rotation group and the rotation of palatal plane was occured in the Clockwise rotation group. 4. Mandibular prognathism was occured in the Parallelwise and the Counterclockwise rotation groups, especially in the Counterclockwise rotation group. 5. The degree of maxillo-mandibular divergency was constant in the Clockwise rotation group but decreased in the Counterclockwise rotation and the Parallelwise groups, especially in the Counterclockwise group. 6. There were no differences in the size of the anterior upper facial height (N-ANS) and the posterior lower facial height ((Go-Me)-PNS) but there were differences in the size of the anterior lower facial height (ANS-Me) and the posterior upper facial height ((S-N)-PNS) between each group. 7. The growth increment and the size of the facial depth was not related to the growth pattern of the face but the growth increment and the size of the facial height was related to the growth pattern of the face. 8. Proportional change due to the facial growth rotation was concentrated in the anterior lower face. 9. The most apparent difference between each group was happened in the size of the posterior cranial base (S-Ba) and the facial length (S-Gn).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.175-195
• /
• 1985

Vertical and horizontal growth occur in the craniofacial complex which ensues continuous changes in facial morphology, until the end of active growth period. Longitudinal study for individual is essential, in the research on growth and development, however, the difficulties in obtaining long term subjects in Korea, the research has been limited. The author analyzed the cephalometric roentgenogrems of 43 boys and 47 girls taken from the ages 6 to 10. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to SN-MP angle and 2 groups according to gonial angle. In this longitudinal study, 21 variables were measure 4. The obtained results were as follows: 1. SN-MP angle and genial angle had no significant changes in each group with age. 2. With age, facial convexity of hard tissue decreased in all groups, facial angle of hard tissue increased in low SN-MP angle group, but facial convexity of soft tissue had no significant changes in all groups with age. 3. In comparison of high SN-MP angle group and low SN-MP angle group, the former had greater facial convexity and smaller facial angle than the latter. 4. SN-MP angle and the ratio of posterior dental height to anterior dental height had reverse correlation in all groups. 5. High genial angle group revealed larger SN-MP angle, anterior dental height facial convexity, but smaller mandibular length, and the ratio of posterior dental height to anterior dental height compared with low genial angle group.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.19 no.1 s.27
• /
• pp.7-20
• /
• 1989

A serial cephalometric study was undertaken to define the growth of the soft tissue facial profile in Korean children. The sample was composed of 25 males and 15 females for whom yearly cephalometric records were taken from the ages of 6 to 13 years. From the tracings, points on skeletal and soft tissue profiles were located and recorded on magnetic tape utilizing a Calcomp Talos RP660 X-Y digitizer. Linear and angular measurements of soft tissues were made directly from tape in a Cyber 174-16 computer after cephalometric enlargement had been corrected. A statistical evaluation was made of the data and the average profile diagrams in male and female were described by a Calcomp 960 pen plotter. On the basis of the findings of this study, the following trends were established. 1. The most prominent growth in soft tissue facial profile thickness was the nose and the least was the forehead. 2. The general growth direction of the soft facial tissue to the cranium described the downward and forward. 3. The degree of soft tissue facial convexity was decidely more than that exhibited earlier in life even though the soft tissue chin had protruded to the cranium. 4. The measurements indicated a general tendency for males to have larger nose and more convex and long soft tissue facial profile than did females. 5. Males showed significantly more growth than females in base of the upper lip and height of the upper anterior facial profile. 6. There was a difference between males and females in the rates of soft tissue facial profile growth. 7. Korean children showed less convex in the soft tissue profile convexity than did American children.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.37 no.3 s.122
• /
• pp.192-203
• /
• 2007

Objective: The aim of this study was assessment of the relationship between airway space and facial morphology in Class III children with nasal obstruction. Methods: For this study, 100 Class III children (50 boys and 50 girls) were chosen. All subjects were refered to ENT, due to nasal obstruction. Airway space measurements and facial morphology measurements were measured on lateral cephalometric radiograph. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between airway space and facial morphology Results: Ramal height, SNA, SNB, PFH, FHR and facial plane angle were positively related to upper PAS, and sum of saddle angle, articular angle, and genial angle, SN-GoGn, Y-axis to SN and FMA negatively related to upper PAS. Genial angle, FMA were positively related to lower PAS, and articular angle, facial depth, PFH and FHR negatively related to lower PAS. PCBL, ramal height, Mn. body length, Mn. body length to ACBL, facial depth, facial length, PFH and AFH were positively related to tonsil size. Sum of saddle angle, articular angle, genial angle, facial length, AFH, FMA and LFH were positively related to tongue gap, and IMPA and overbite was negatively related to tongue gap. Upper PAS, related to size of adenoid tissue, was mainly related to posterior facial dimension following a vertical growth pattern of face and mandibular rotation. Lower PAS and tonsil size, related to anterior-posterior tongue base position, were significantly related to each other. Lower PAS was related to growth pattern of mandible, and tonsil size was related to size of mandible and horizontal growth pattern of face. Tongue gap was related to anterior facial dimension following a vertical growth pattern of face. Conclusion: Significant relationship exists between airway space and facial morphology.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.475-488
• /
• 1988

Certain malocclusion are associated with specific "facial type," and it is important for the clinician to classify the common facial characteristic of each patient. Because the reaction to treatment mechanics and the stability of the denture is depended upon the analysis of the facial pattern. Basically, there are 3 district facial types or patterns under which almost all malocclusion can be classified. 1. mesofacial is the most average growth. 2. brachyfacial which is a horizontal growth pattern has a week muscle, with dental arch, deep bite. 3. dolichofacial which is a vertical growth pattern has a strong muscle, narrow dental arch, open bite. Brachyfacial pattern show a resistant to mandibular rotation during treatment can accept a more protrusive denture and are prominantly nonextraction, whereas dolichofacial patterns tend to open during treatment require a more retracted denture in order to assure post-treatment stability. Brachyfacial pattern would better treat to use extrusive force system, whereas dolichofacial pattern treat to use intrusive force system with head gear and intermaxillary elastics.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.81-93
• /
• 1980

The interrelationships between growth rates (and size) of the selected cranifacial dimensions and body dimensions (height and weight) were investigated in the longitudinal data of primary school children from 6 to 11 years of age. The data were obtained from serial cephalometric radiographs and health record which were taken at one year interval. Regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The main concludions might be summarized as follows; 1. Size relationships between body height (and weigh) and S-Gn, posterior facial height (s-Go), total mandibular length (Ar-Gn) showed high significant correlation, but no association between body height, weight and anterior cranial base length (S-N). 2. Correlation coefficients between facial dimensions and body height (and weight) were getting lower with age increase. 3. At all age groups, significant prediction equation for some facial dimensions with body height and weight were obtained. 4. In this sample, the growth rates of facial dimensions and body height and weight showed almostly constant during this age period and the growth rate of body height and weight of girls was exceeded that of boys. 5. A relatively high degree of variation between individuals existed in the sample. 6. A positive correlation was found for the relationship between the growth rates of facial dimensions and those of body height (and weight) in boys and girls, but was not found in total samples.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.22 no.3 s.38
• /
• pp.657-673
• /
• 1992

Orthodontic treatment of cleft patients is difficult as the growth is different from that of normal ones. So it is very important to know the characteristic features of the craniofacial morphology and growth pattern in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. The materials for this study consisted of 55 normal males and 50 unilateral cleft lip and palate ones who received cheiloplasty and palatoplasty previously. The cleft subjects were divided into 4 groups according to their ages kto find out the growth pattern of hard and soft tissue, and to compare the features with those of normal ones. Each cephalogram analysed by McNamara method and others. The obtained results were as follows 1. In the unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects, forward growth of the maxilla was smaller than that of normal ones from 9 years old. So the maxilla was retruded. The maxillary incisors were severely retruded in all age groups. 2. The mandibular overall length and its anteroposterior position did not show any significant differences between two groups. But the height of ramus was very short and the mandible had vertical growth tendency to compensate for undergrowth of the maxilla in cleft subjects after 12 years of age. 3. Horizontal growth of the soft tissue in middle face was smaller than that of any other facial region from 9 years old. The vertical growth rate of upper lip was decreased as growing old. 4. In cleft subjects, the upper and lower facial component angle and the facial convexity angle were large. So their facial profile changed to straight or concave as growing old.