• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.105-115
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• 2019

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the trends of phamacopuncture used in facial nerve palsy related articles that have been published in the Korean medicine journal. Methods : 242 papers related to facial nerve palsy were retrieved from Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System(OASIS) and Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal(KTKP). We selected 13 research papers treated with pharmacopuncture for facial nerve palsy. We analyzed for type of pharmacopuncture used, treatment point and clinical type. Results : 1. The number of searched articles is thirteen. 2. The most common clinical type of facial nerve palsy is Bell's palsy. Other types are accompanying tympanitis type, herpes zoster oticus, caused by traumatic temporal bone fracture type, Foville syndrome, Foville-Millard-Gubler syndrome and multiple cerebral neuritis. 3. In the case of pharmacopuncture, the most frequently used type is Hominis Placenta Pharmacopunture. The second is Hwangreonhaedok-tang and Hwangreon Pharmacopuncture. Other than that BV, Sinbaro, Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture, Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum Pharmacopuncture and Ginseng pharmacopuncture are used. 4. The most frequently used part as a treatment point is ST4, ST6, TE17.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.109-121
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was performed to analysis the effect of oriental medical care for inpatients with facial paralysis that had visited Dept. of Otolaryngology Oriental medical hospital Dong-eui university. Methods : From January 2008 to September 2010, a clinical study was done on 250 inpatients who were treated as facial nerve paralysis at the Dept. of Otolaryngology Oriental medical hospital Dong-eui university. This study was assessed using the chart analysis. Results : 1. The distribution of sex : female 54.8%, male 45.2%. The distribution of age was pregented that fifty to sixty was the most in 67 cases(26.8%). 2. The distribution of the period of admission : female 12.5 days, male 9.9 days. 3. The distribution of past history : hypertention(18.8%), diabetes-mellitus(10.85%), facial paralysis(9.25%), cerebrovascular disease(4.4%), liver disease(5.6%), hyperlipidemia(1.2%), otitis media(1.2%), herpes zoster(1.2%), cardiac disease(2.45%), thyroid disease(1.2%). 4. The distribution of the region of facial paralysis : Rt(55.36%), Lt(56.52%). 5. Check the mastoid pain : 66.8%(female 73.91%, male 58.04%). 6. Out of prescription(Ko-Bang, 古方), Galgeun-Tang(葛根湯) and Gaejigeogaegayoungchul-Tang was used most in each 34 cases, Daesiho-Tang(大柴胡湯) 30 cases, Galgeungabanha-Tang(葛根加半夏湯) 27 cases, Sihogaeji-Tang(柴胡桂枝湯) 14 cases, Hwanggigaejiomul-Tang 12 cases, Odu-Tang(烏頭湯) 10 cases, Chijadaehwangsi-Tang 10 cases, Gaejigagalgeun-Tang(桂枝加葛根湯) 7 cases, Banhasasim-Tang(半夏瀉心湯) 5 cases, Injinho-Tang(茵蔯蒿湯) 5 cases in order. 7. The distribution of herb group : Mahwang-Jae(麻黃劑) 31.72%, Gaeji-Jae(桂枝劑) 26.00%, Siho-Gae(柴胡劑) 20.70%, Chija-Gae(梔子劑) 7.49%, Buja-Jae(附子劑) 4.41%, Banhahwanggeum-Gae(半夏黃芩劑) 3.08%, Daehwang-Gae(大黃劑) 2.64%, Bockryeong-Gae(茯笭劑) 1.76%, Jisil-Gae(枳實劑) 1.32%, Insam-Gae(人蔘劑) 0.88% in order. 8. The distribution of House-Brackmann grade of admission : Gr Ⅳ 74.85%, Gr.III 13.6%, Gr.V 11.6% in order. 9. The distribution of House-Brackmann grade of discharge : Gr.III 56%, Gr.IV 38.4%, Gr.II 5.6% in order. 10. The average number of OPD follow up is 6.46. Conclusion : This results indicated that oriental medical treatment with Ko-bang(古方) can be an effective way to treat facial paralysis. The more patients we treat with Ko-bang(古方), the more clinical report is accumulated. Then it would be helpful to map out a systematic treatment on facial paralysis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was performed in order to investigate the effectiveness of electromyography and the Heart Rate Variability(HRV) test as prognosis factors, and to clarify correlation between Electromyography and the Heart Rate Variability test. Methods : 44 Bell's palsy patients who were graded V on the House-Brackmann scale and underwent HRV and EMG testing were retrospectively reviewed based on medical records. Results from both tests were analyzed via simple linear regression, and bivariate correlation analysis was performed to investigate the correlation between results from the two tests. The severity of the facial palsy at onset and at 2 weeks after treatment were evaluated with the H-B grade and Yanagihara grading system, and was converted into improvement scores. Results : Mean axonal loss according to electromyography showed a statistically significant correlation in predicting peripheral facial palsy improvement(p<0.01). HR, SDNN, TP, LF, HF, VLF, and LF/HF ratio on the Heart Rate Variability test showed no significant correlation in predicting peripheral facial palsy improvement. Mean axonal loss determined by electromyography, and HR, SDNN, TP, LF, HF, VLF, and LF/HF ratio recorded with the Heart Rate Variability test was analyzed with the bivariate correlation analysis method. Mean axonal loss and SDNN showed a statistically significant correlation(p<0.01) Conclusions : The Heart Rate Variability test has no statistical significance in predicting peripheral facial palsy improvement. SDNN has a statistically significant correlation with mean axonal loss as determined by electromyography.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.54-60
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• 2010

The local appearance-based method is one of the face recognition methods that divides face image into small areas and extracts features from each area of face image using statistical analysis. It collects classification results of each area and decides identity of a face image using a voting scheme by integrating classification results of each area of a face image. The conventional local appearance-based method divides face images into small pieces and uses all the pieces in recognition process. In this paper, we propose a local appearance-based method that makes use of only the relatively important facial components. The proposed method detects the facial components such as eyes, nose and mouth that differs much from person to person. In doing so, the proposed method detects exact locations of facial components using support vector machines (SVM). Based on the detected facial components, a number of small images that contain the facial parts are constructed. Then it extracts features from each facial component image using principal components analysis (PCA). We compared the performance of the proposed method to those of the conventional methods. The results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional local appearance-based method while preserving the advantages of the conventional local appearance-based method.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2005

The function of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles was assessed by electromyography in 30 patients with mandibular prognathism (20 patients with facial asymmetry and 10 patients without facial asymmetry) before orthognathic surgery and 4weeks afterwards. Electromyogram(EMG) recordings were made during resting, clenching and swallowing. We compared with right-left difference of this recording and asymmetry index before and after orthognathic surgery. The result of this study was as follows. 1. There was no significant right-left difference in muscle activities of masticatory muscles both asymmetric groups and controls and many variable change after orthognathic surgery.(P>0.05) 2. The mean electric activity of the masticatory muscles was found to have decreased during more clenching than resting, but there was no statistically significant difference because of individual difference of measuring values.(P>0.05) 3. The asymmetry index of masticatory muscles in asymmetric groups was significantly greater during clenching compared with controls.(P<0.05) In conclusion, no right-left difference of muscle activities was found in patients with facial asymmetry before orthognathic surgery and 4weeks afterwards. Not only muscular functioning but also many other factors, such as occlusion, temporomandibular joint disorder and trauma, probably affect facial asymmetry and will be analyzed in future studies. And we will need long term follow-up after orthognathic surgery.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2011

Purpose : The aim of the present study was to investigate the disagreement of cephalometric analysis depending on the reference determination of midsagittal plane on three-dimensional computed tomography. Materials and Methods : A total of 102 young women with class III dentofacial deformity were evaluated using three-dimensional computed tomography. The cranial and facial midsagittal planes were defined and the amounts of jaw deviation were calculated. The amounts of jaw deviation were compared with paired t-test (2-tailed) and Bland-Altman plot was drawn. Results : The landmark tracing were reproducible ($r{\ge}.978$). The jaws relative to the cranial midsagittal plane were 10-17 times more significantly deviated than to the facial midsagittal plane (P<.001). Bland-Altman plot demonstrated that the differences between the amounts of jaw deviation from two midsagittal planes were not normally distributed versus the average of the amounts of jaw deviation from two midsagittal planes. Conclusion : The cephalometric analyses of facial asymmetry were significantly inconsistent depending on the reference determination of midsagittal plane. The reference for midsagittal plane should be carefully determined in three-dimensional cephalometric analysis of facial asymmetry of patients with class III dentofacial deformity.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.109-123
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• 1981

The author studied and analyzed statistically 112 adults female ranging in age from 18 to 20 years with normal occlusion, 56 adults female ranging in age from 18 to 24 years with deep overbite and 53 adults female ranging in age from 18 to 28 years with open bite by vertical cephalometric analysis. The results were as follows; 1. In comparing normal occlusion with deep overbite and open bite, skeletal linear measurements were more significant than dentoalveolar linear measurements. SN-MP angle, SN-OP angle, PP-OP angle and Xi angle (ANS-Xi-Pog) were significant in anglular measurements. 2. Upper posterior facial height (SE-PNS), upper anterior alveolar height, lower posterior alveolar height, lower posterior alveolar height/lower anterior alveolar height and SN-PP angle were non significant between deep overbite and open bite. 3 The most significant items between deep overbite and open bite were lower anterior facial height (ANS-ME) and SN-MP angle. 4. Correlation coefficients of angular measurements were higher in deep overbite, while that of linear measurement total anterior facial height (N-ME) was higher in open bite. 5. In the multiple regression equation, significant variables were total anterior facial height (N-ME), lower anterior alveolar height, upper anterior alveolar height, upper posterior alveolar height, Xi angle (ANS-Xi-Pog) and ramus height (AR-Go) in deep overbite, and total anterior facial height (N-Me), lower anterior alveolar height, ramus height (AR-Go), lower posterior alveolar height, PP-MP angle and upper posterior facial height (SE-PNS) in open bite.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.56-63
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• 2012

Objective: To identify the right and left difference of the facial soft tissue landmarks three-dimensionally from the subjects of normal occlusion individuals. Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained in 48 normal occlusion adults (24 men, 24 women), and reconstructed into 3-dimensional (3D) models by using a 3D image soft ware. 3D position of 27 soft tissue landmarks, 9 midline and 9 pairs of bilateral landmarks, were identified in 3D coordination system, and their right and left differences were calculated and analyzed. Results: The right and left difference values derived from the study ranged from 0.6 to 4.6 mm indicating a high variability according to the landmarks. In general, the values showed a tendency to increase according to the lower and lateral positioning of the landmarks in the face. Overall differences were determined not only by transverse differences but also by sagittal and vertical differences, indicating that 3D evaluation would be essential in the facial soft tissue analysis. Conclusions: Means and standard deviations of the right and left difference of facial soft tissue landmarks derived from this study can be used as the diagnostic standard values for the evaluation of facial asymmetry.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2020

Objectives: Long-term facial paralysis results in degeneration of the distal nerve segment and atrophy of the supplied muscles. Options for these patients include free muscle transfer, temporalis myoplasty, and botulinum toxin injections for smile reanimation. In this study we aimed to evaluate the subjective and objective outcomes of these procedures. Materials and Methods: In our study, we retrospectively analyzed smile symmetry in patients with facial palsy (n=8) who underwent facial reanimation procedures. Results: Subjective analysis showed high satisfaction in seven out of eight patients. Objective analysis showed statistically significant improvement postoperatively in both vertical and horizontal smile symmetry at rest and during maximum smile (P<0.001). Conclusion: Choosing the ideal procedure for the patients is the most critical aspect for facial reanimation. Though free muscle transfer is considered gold standard procedure, temporalis myoplasty also gives satisfactory results. Residual synkinesis which can lead to disturbing aesthetic deformity can be effectively treated with botulinum toxin.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.234-243
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• 2006

The recent rapid development of HCI and surveillance technologies has brought great interests in application systems to process faces. Much of research efforts in these systems has been primarily focused on such areas as face recognition, facial expression analysis and facial feature extraction. However, not many approaches have been reported toward face direction detection. This paper proposes a method to detect the direction of a face using a facial feature called facial triangle, which is formed by two eyebrows and the lower lip. Specifically, based on the single monocular view of the face, the proposed method introduces very simple formulas to estimate the horizontal or vertical rotation angle of the face. The horizontal rotation angle can be calculated by using a ratio between the areas of left and right facial triangles, while the vertical angle can be obtained from a ratio between the base and height of facial triangle. Experimental results showed that our method makes it possible to obtain the horizontal angle within an error tolerance of ${\pm}1.68^{\circ}$, and that it performs better as the magnitude of the vertical rotation angle increases.