• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was performed in order to investigate the effectiveness of electromyography and the Heart Rate Variability(HRV) test as prognosis factors, and to clarify correlation between Electromyography and the Heart Rate Variability test. Methods : 44 Bell's palsy patients who were graded V on the House-Brackmann scale and underwent HRV and EMG testing were retrospectively reviewed based on medical records. Results from both tests were analyzed via simple linear regression, and bivariate correlation analysis was performed to investigate the correlation between results from the two tests. The severity of the facial palsy at onset and at 2 weeks after treatment were evaluated with the H-B grade and Yanagihara grading system, and was converted into improvement scores. Results : Mean axonal loss according to electromyography showed a statistically significant correlation in predicting peripheral facial palsy improvement(p<0.01). HR, SDNN, TP, LF, HF, VLF, and LF/HF ratio on the Heart Rate Variability test showed no significant correlation in predicting peripheral facial palsy improvement. Mean axonal loss determined by electromyography, and HR, SDNN, TP, LF, HF, VLF, and LF/HF ratio recorded with the Heart Rate Variability test was analyzed with the bivariate correlation analysis method. Mean axonal loss and SDNN showed a statistically significant correlation(p<0.01) Conclusions : The Heart Rate Variability test has no statistical significance in predicting peripheral facial palsy improvement. SDNN has a statistically significant correlation with mean axonal loss as determined by electromyography.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2010

얼굴 인식 방법 중에 한 얼굴 영상을 분할하여 분할한 각 부분마다 통계적 방법을 적용해 특징추출을 수행한 다음 각 부분마다 분류를 수행하고 이러한 분류결과를 모아서 voting등의 방법으로 얼굴 인식을 수행 하는 방법을 국부 외형 기반 방법(local appearance-based method) 이라고 한다. 기존에 제안된 국부 외형 기반 얼굴 인식은 얼굴 영상을 일정한 크기로 단순분할하고, 그 부분들을 모두 인식에 사용한다. 본고에서는 인식에 상대적으로 중요한 부분만을 사용하여 얼굴 인식을 수행하는 새로운 국부 외형 기반 얼굴 인식 방법을 제안한다. 본고에서는 단순 분할 방법 대신에 눈, 코, 입 등 인물 간의 차이가 잘 나타나는 얼굴 부분들을 support vector machine (SVM) 을 이용하여 검출한 후, 검출한 각 부분에 주성분 분석 (PCA) 을 적용하고 이를 통합하여 얼굴 인식을 수행하였다. 실험을 통해 제안한 방법과 기존 방법의 성능을 비교한 결과, 제안한 방법이 기존의 국부 외형 기반 방법의 장점을 지니는 동시에 성능을 개선시킴을 확인하였다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2005

The function of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles was assessed by electromyography in 30 patients with mandibular prognathism (20 patients with facial asymmetry and 10 patients without facial asymmetry) before orthognathic surgery and 4weeks afterwards. Electromyogram(EMG) recordings were made during resting, clenching and swallowing. We compared with right-left difference of this recording and asymmetry index before and after orthognathic surgery. The result of this study was as follows. 1. There was no significant right-left difference in muscle activities of masticatory muscles both asymmetric groups and controls and many variable change after orthognathic surgery.(P>0.05) 2. The mean electric activity of the masticatory muscles was found to have decreased during more clenching than resting, but there was no statistically significant difference because of individual difference of measuring values.(P>0.05) 3. The asymmetry index of masticatory muscles in asymmetric groups was significantly greater during clenching compared with controls.(P<0.05) In conclusion, no right-left difference of muscle activities was found in patients with facial asymmetry before orthognathic surgery and 4weeks afterwards. Not only muscular functioning but also many other factors, such as occlusion, temporomandibular joint disorder and trauma, probably affect facial asymmetry and will be analyzed in future studies. And we will need long term follow-up after orthognathic surgery.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2011

Purpose : The aim of the present study was to investigate the disagreement of cephalometric analysis depending on the reference determination of midsagittal plane on three-dimensional computed tomography. Materials and Methods : A total of 102 young women with class III dentofacial deformity were evaluated using three-dimensional computed tomography. The cranial and facial midsagittal planes were defined and the amounts of jaw deviation were calculated. The amounts of jaw deviation were compared with paired t-test (2-tailed) and Bland-Altman plot was drawn. Results : The landmark tracing were reproducible ($r{\ge}.978$). The jaws relative to the cranial midsagittal plane were 10-17 times more significantly deviated than to the facial midsagittal plane (P<.001). Bland-Altman plot demonstrated that the differences between the amounts of jaw deviation from two midsagittal planes were not normally distributed versus the average of the amounts of jaw deviation from two midsagittal planes. Conclusion : The cephalometric analyses of facial asymmetry were significantly inconsistent depending on the reference determination of midsagittal plane. The reference for midsagittal plane should be carefully determined in three-dimensional cephalometric analysis of facial asymmetry of patients with class III dentofacial deformity.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.109-123
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• 1981

The author studied and analyzed statistically 112 adults female ranging in age from 18 to 20 years with normal occlusion, 56 adults female ranging in age from 18 to 24 years with deep overbite and 53 adults female ranging in age from 18 to 28 years with open bite by vertical cephalometric analysis. The results were as follows; 1. In comparing normal occlusion with deep overbite and open bite, skeletal linear measurements were more significant than dentoalveolar linear measurements. SN-MP angle, SN-OP angle, PP-OP angle and Xi angle (ANS-Xi-Pog) were significant in anglular measurements. 2. Upper posterior facial height (SE-PNS), upper anterior alveolar height, lower posterior alveolar height, lower posterior alveolar height/lower anterior alveolar height and SN-PP angle were non significant between deep overbite and open bite. 3 The most significant items between deep overbite and open bite were lower anterior facial height (ANS-ME) and SN-MP angle. 4. Correlation coefficients of angular measurements were higher in deep overbite, while that of linear measurement total anterior facial height (N-ME) was higher in open bite. 5. In the multiple regression equation, significant variables were total anterior facial height (N-ME), lower anterior alveolar height, upper anterior alveolar height, upper posterior alveolar height, Xi angle (ANS-Xi-Pog) and ramus height (AR-Go) in deep overbite, and total anterior facial height (N-Me), lower anterior alveolar height, ramus height (AR-Go), lower posterior alveolar height, PP-MP angle and upper posterior facial height (SE-PNS) in open bite.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2012

Objective: To identify the right and left difference of the facial soft tissue landmarks three-dimensionally from the subjects of normal occlusion individuals. Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained in 48 normal occlusion adults (24 men, 24 women), and reconstructed into 3-dimensional (3D) models by using a 3D image soft ware. 3D position of 27 soft tissue landmarks, 9 midline and 9 pairs of bilateral landmarks, were identified in 3D coordination system, and their right and left differences were calculated and analyzed. Results: The right and left difference values derived from the study ranged from 0.6 to 4.6 mm indicating a high variability according to the landmarks. In general, the values showed a tendency to increase according to the lower and lateral positioning of the landmarks in the face. Overall differences were determined not only by transverse differences but also by sagittal and vertical differences, indicating that 3D evaluation would be essential in the facial soft tissue analysis. Conclusions: Means and standard deviations of the right and left difference of facial soft tissue landmarks derived from this study can be used as the diagnostic standard values for the evaluation of facial asymmetry.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2020

Objectives: Long-term facial paralysis results in degeneration of the distal nerve segment and atrophy of the supplied muscles. Options for these patients include free muscle transfer, temporalis myoplasty, and botulinum toxin injections for smile reanimation. In this study we aimed to evaluate the subjective and objective outcomes of these procedures. Materials and Methods: In our study, we retrospectively analyzed smile symmetry in patients with facial palsy (n=8) who underwent facial reanimation procedures. Results: Subjective analysis showed high satisfaction in seven out of eight patients. Objective analysis showed statistically significant improvement postoperatively in both vertical and horizontal smile symmetry at rest and during maximum smile (P<0.001). Conclusion: Choosing the ideal procedure for the patients is the most critical aspect for facial reanimation. Though free muscle transfer is considered gold standard procedure, temporalis myoplasty also gives satisfactory results. Residual synkinesis which can lead to disturbing aesthetic deformity can be effectively treated with botulinum toxin.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.234-243
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• 2006

최근 급속한 HCI(Human-Computer Interaction) 및 감시 기술의 발달로, 얼굴영상을 처리하는 다양한 시스템들에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 그러나 이런 얼굴영상을 처리하는 시스템들에 대한 연구는 주로 얼굴인식이나 얼굴 표정분석과 같은 분야에 집중되었고, 얼굴의 방향성 검출과 같은 분야에는 많은 연구가 수행되지 못하였다. 본 논문은 두 눈썹과 아래 입술로 구성된 얼굴삼각형(Facial Triangle)이라는 특징을 이용하여 얼굴의 방향성을 쉽게 측정하는 방법을 제안한다. 특히, 하나의 이미지만을 사용하여 얼굴의 수평 회전각과 수직 회전각을 구하는 간단한 공식을 소개한다. 수평회전각은 좌 우 얼굴삼각형간의 면적비율을 이용하여 계산하고, 수직회전각은 얼굴삼각형의 밑변과 높이 비율을 이용하여 계산한다. 실험을 통해, 제안하는 방법은 오차범위 ${\pm}1.68^{\circ}$ 내에서 수평회전각을 구할 수 있었고, 수직회전각은 회전각이 증가할수록 오류가 줄어드는 경향을 보여주었다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.947-954
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 인식된 얼굴의 포즈 상태 열에 오토마타 기법을 적용하여 다양한 헤드 제스처 를 인식하는 방법을 제안한다. 얼굴 영역의 추출에는 Yl7외 I성분인 최적의 얼굴색 정보와 적응적인 차영상 정보를 이용하며. 눈 영역 추출에는 소벨 연산자와 투영 기법. 그리고 눈의 기하학적 위치 정보를 이용 한다 얼굴의 상태 인식에는 계층적인 특징분석 방법을 사용하며, 인식된 얼굴 상태 열에 오토마타 기법을 적용하여 13가지 제스처; 준비, 상측, 하측, 좌측, 우측, 전진, 후퇴, 좌 윙크, 우 윙크, 좌 더블 윙크 우 더블 윙크, 긍정, 부정제스처를 인식한다. 총 8명으로부터 1,488 프레임의 영상을 취득하여 실험한 결과, 99.3%의 얼굴 영역 추출률 95.3%, 의 눈 영역 추출률, 94.1% 의 얼굴 상태 인식률. 그리고 93.3%의 헤드제 스처 인식률을 얻었다

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 Kinect 카메라를 통해 촬영된 영상 처리를 통해 상반된 감성 자극 관점에서 안면 움직임의 차이를 분석하는 연구를 진행하였다. Russell의 2차원 감성 모델에서 원점 대칭 위치에 존재하는 두 상반된 감성인 "Sad - Excitement", "Contentment - Angry" 감성을 유발하기 위해 피험자에게 시각자극과 청각자극을 동시에 제공하였다. Kinect Face Tracking SDK에서 제공되는 121개 특징점으로 구성된 안면 active appearance model에서 안면 움직임을 잘 표현하는 31개의 주요 특징점 주변의 화소 변화를 측정하였다. 안면 근육의 비선형적 움직임 문제를 해결하기 위해 지역 이동 기반 최소거리 결정 방법(local minimum shift matching)을 사용하였다. 분석 결과, sad 감성에서는 우측 안면 움직임이 많이 나타났고, excitement 감성에서는 좌측 안면 움직임이 많이 나타남으로써 두 상반된 감성 자극에 대한 안면 움직임의 위치 또한 상반된 결과를 보였다. 또한 "Contentment" 감성에서는 좌측 안면 움직임이 많이 나타났고, "Angry" 감성에서는 안면의 좌우 구분 없이 움직임이 나타남으로써, 두 상반된 감성 자극에 대해서는 우측 안면에서 차이를 확인할 수 있었다.