• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.483-509
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• 2008

For the last decades, criticism on Frankenstein has tried to make a link between Victor's Creature and Rousseaurean "man in a state of nature." Like the Rousseaurean savage in a state of animal, the monster has only basic instincts least needed for his survival, i.e. self-preservation, but turns into a civilized man after learning language. Most critics argue that, despite the monster's acquisition of language, his failure in entry into a cultural and linguistic community is the outcome of a lack of sympathy for him by others, which displays the stark existence of epistemological barriers between them. That is to say, the monster imagines his being the same as others in the pre-linguistic stage but, in the linguistic stage, he realizes that he is different from others. Interpreting the Rousseaurean idea of language, which appears in his writings, as much more focused on emotion than many critics think, I read the dispute between Victor and his Creature as a variation of parent-offspring conflict. Shelley criticizes Rousseau's parental negligence in putting his children into a foundling hospital and leaving them dying there. The monster's revenge on uncaring Victor parallels the likely retaliation Rousseau's displaced children would perform against Rousseau, which Shelley imaginatively reproduces in her novel. The conflict between the monster and Victor is due to a disrupted attachment between parent and child in terms of Darwinian developmental psychology. Affective asynchrony between parent and child, which refers to a state of lack of mutual favorable feelings, accounts for numerous dysfunctional families. This paper shifts a focus from a semiotics-oriented perspective on the monster's social isolation to a Darwinian perspective, drawing attention to emotional problems transpiring in familial interactions. In doing so, it finds that language is a means of communicating one's internal emotions to others along with other means such as facial expressions and body movements. It also demonstrates that how to promote emotional well-being in either familial or social relationships entirely depends on the way in which one employs language that can entail either pleasure or anger on hearers' part.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.45-50
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• 2023

As the ownership of pets has steadily increased in recent years, the need for an effective pet management system has grown. In this study, we propose a pet management system with a deep learning-based emotion recognition SNS. The system detects emotions through pet facial expressions using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and shares them with a user community through SNS. Through SNS, pet owners can connect with other users, share their experiences, and receive support and advice for pet management. Additionally, the system provides comprehensive pet management, including tracking pet health and vaccination and reservation reminders. Furthermore, we added a function to manage and share pet walking records so that pet owners can share their walking experiences with other users. This study demonstrates the potential of utilizing AI technology to improve pet management systems and enhance the well-being of pets and their owners.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

Many of our contemporaries suffer from the symptoms of phlegm-fire, which is caused by stress, processed food, heavy diet, and unseasonal fruits and vegetables. With consultations from 'Euihaklpmoon', 'DongeuiBogham', and 'Ji-San's clinical lectures' this research, which is mainly focused on phlegm-fire, concluded as following. Phlegm-fire is caused by congestion of seven emotions, congestion of qi, complication of phlegm on fire, depletion of body fluids after long periods of disease, heavy diet, or congenital unbalance of yin-yang and qi-hyul. Concentration of phlegm-fire on the head causes headache, dizziness, frontal headache, tinnitus, and auditory dysfunction. The patient usually complains breaking pain. Dhamhwabang of Yijin-tang, Chunghoonhwadham-tang, and Yijin-tang variation for right headache can be used. Concentration of phlegm-fire on the thorax causes insomnia, palpitation, and insanity. Samhoohndham-tang variation, Chungsimgondhanhwan can be used. Concentration of phlegm-fire on the gastric region causes reflux of gastric acid, eructation, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, dysmenorrhea, and fluor gentalis. Yijin-tang variation for abdominal discomfort, Yanghyulsamul-tang, Hwadhamchunghwa-tang can be used. Shin type or Gi type, female with prevalence of qi and tendency of fire, female with dark facial color, female with raised eye tails and large noses, female with pointed noses, and male or female with large noses and mouths are likely to possess phlegm-fire. Abdominal discomfort of male with thick eyebrow and headache of Gi type female is usually caused by phlegm-fire.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.87-108
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• 2014

Recent examples of abuse by black consumers (including air travellers) against emotional laborers have become a serious social issue in Korea in that they are likely to violate human rights of those laborers. Emotional labor is a form of emotion regulation that creates a publicly visible facial and bodily display, and also emotional management within the workforce that creates a situation in which the emotion management by workers can be exchanged in the marketplace. Example professions that require emotional labor are: nurses, doctors, waiting staff, and television actors. However, as the economy moves from a manufacturing to a service-based economy, many more workers in a variety of occupational fields are expected to manage their emotions according to employer demands when compared to the past. One of symptoms deriving from emotional labor is smile mask syndrome abbreviated SMS, which is a psychological disorder proposed by professor Makoto Natsume where subjects develop depression and physical illness as a result of prolonged, unnatural smiling. And higher degree of using emotion regulation on the job is related to higher levels of employees' emotional exhaustion, and lower levels of employees' job satisfaction. In most part, emotional laborers are more abused and hurt by so called black consumers who are raising complaints relating to products and services purchased against service providers for the purpose of maliciously getting compensation. Against this background, the Korean Government abolished "the Consumer Protection Act" and instead promulgated "the Basic Consumer Act" in September 2006 which stipulates that consumers are expected to have protection as well as responsibility and duty. The Aviation Security Act cites the examples of prohibited behaviors (unruly passengers) while they are travelling. In addition, human rights of emotional laborers could be more protected by the enhancement of etiquettes and cavalry and improvement of culture and working environment.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.609-621
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• 2016

A close-up shot, capturing all the fine details of an actor's face by filling up the frame, expresses an actor's performance more realistically than a stage where a living actor performs on. This is because a close-up generates an impact with its specific images and meanings seizing the attention of the audience and conjures up a psychological effect as if an actor's face is directly communicating with the audience at a minimum distance. Therefore, this study analyzed the film to examine the photographic effect and acting effect of close-up shots and recommend the need for acting training thereof. The film was selected since Song Kang-ho, to add more realism to his character acted going back and forth 20 years of age with a special makeup on face, his facial expressions, gestures, props in close-up successfully helped deliver the actor's performance by revealing the character's personality and emotions of the film, and generated an array of linguistic, visual and emotional meanings which are the key to film acting. This study is expected to contribute to helping actors to learn about the effect of close-ups and the key to film acting and find effective ways to express themselves in front of the camera.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2019

This paper analyzes the performances of actor Song Kang-Ho in the background of interdisciplinary and integrated film acting, using performance rather than acting as a general term. If the act is a concept limited to acting training or acting skills, performance is a broad concept that includes expressions, movements, and emotions. The performance on the screen can be explained in the context of film and can be extended to the social attitude of acting. In addition, I used the term screen in terms of representation rather than film referring to medium. Song Kang-Ho expressed the performances of various characters in more than 30 films. Although his facial expressions, gestures, and voices suitable for individual characters in various genres are represented in various ways, personality inherent in the actor Song Kang-Ho integrates persona with character. What drives it is the social attitude of screen performance. As a sign, acting is an ideological construct and foregrounds a character who describes a certain social and historical moment. Song Gang-Ho as actor, persona and character, who asserts the popularity, speaks to society and makes discourse. His comic performance is always confronting the tragedy of life, his face is the spirit of the times, and it expands into social meaning. The face of the close-up does not laugh at all, the gesture symbolized by the curved rear view is exaggerated disorderedly and disturbingly, and the voice using dialect accent does not follow the standard of the vocal.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.121-134
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• 2024

This study aimed to assess the attentional bias toward angry faces in typically developing (TD) children and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A continuous performance task was employed, where a distractor appeared as a target letter ("T") and changed direction every 1,250 ms. Longer reaction times to the target in the presence of a distractor, compared to its absence, were considered as evidence of attentional bias toward the distractor. The task assessed the attentional bias toward angry faces in 14 boys with ASD and 17 TD boys, aged 6-12 years. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted on reaction times with emotion, time, and group as independent variables. The three-way interaction effect approached significance. Group-specific analyses revealed that TD children exhibited significant attentional capture when angry faces first appeared, whereas those with ASD did not. Accuracy analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups, with both groups maintaining >85% accuracy, confirming the task's suitability for school-aged children. The absence of attentional bias toward angry faces in children with ASD indicates that these faces may not be perceived as particularly salient for children with ASD. These findings denote that interventions encouraging top-down processing of emotional cues, such as angry faces, may support the development of adaptive social skills in children with ASD.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.107-120
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• 2024

Individuals with high social anxiety (HSA) exhibit an excessive bias toward socially threatening stimuli. The purpose of this study is to identify attentional bias patterns toward threat stimuli in people with HSA (but not those with social anxiety disorder, SAD). Furthermore, our goal was to investigate neural biomarkers that can predict these attentional bias patterns in people with HSA. We collected and analyzed behavioral data on attentional bias patterns, anxiety levels, social anxiety levels, and the frontal region theta/beta ratio using an electroencephalogram (EEG) from 33 neurotypical female adults. For analysis, we divide participants into two categories: (1) HSA and (2) low social anxiety (LSA). The results showed that both the HSA and LSA groups had an initial attentional bias toward emotional faces, but only the HSA group had a prolonged attentional bias toward angry faces. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between the attentional bias score and the social anxiety score. Additionally, a decreased theta/beta ratio significantly explained the degree of attention bias in the HSA group and was a significant predictor of attentional bias in this group. Overall, this study finds that individuals with HSA exhibit similar patterns of attentional bias to those found in patients with SAD, as identified in previous research. Moreover, the findings suggest that a decreased frontal theta/beta ratio is associated with excessive attentional biases in HSA individuals. These findings contribute to our understanding of the behavioral and neurological pathophysiology associated with high levels of social anxiety, potentially assisting in the development of appropriate evaluation methods and the determination of the effect of the treatment intervention.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.3-16
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• 2021

Studies have found that people with higher social status pay little attention to other people's emotions and facial expressions. However, only a few studies have made similar observations on adolescents with high cyberspace social status. Therefore, this study sought to identify how adolescents with different online game character social statuses interpreted the smile emoticons in negative and positive situations, that is, did they perceive the emoticon to be positive (smile, encouragement, and consolation) or negative (derision, ridicule, and sarcasm). In Experiment 1, the participants were separated into three groups; those who had a lower than global average online game character status, those who had the same as the global average, and those who had higher than the global average. The participants were then asked to judge the meaning of the smile emoticon received in various positive or negative situations. In Experiment 2, the game character levels of the participants were set to be either higher or lower than the others' characters, and they were again asked to judge the meaning of the smile emoticon received in the positive or negative situations. In Experiment 3, the participants were separated into four groups; lower level than the average game character status (no information on the level of acquaintance's game character), lower than the average but higher than the character of the other, higher than the average status (no information on the other's character level), and higher than the average but lower than the character of the other, and asked to judge the meaning of the smile emoticon in positive or negative situations. It was found that when participants had a lower-level character compared to the average, had a lower-level character than the other, and had higher than the average but lower than the other's character, they interpreted the smile emoticon as derision, ridicule, or sarcasm. However, participants with higher level characters, higher than that of the other, and lower than the average but higher than the other interpreted the emoticon as a smile or consolation. This study was significant because it demonstrated the impact of an adolescent's social cyberspace status on their online communication.