• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.555-560
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• 2021

Recently, as people's interest in facial skin beauty has increased, research on skin disease recognition for facial skin beauty is being conducted by using deep learning. These studies recognized a variety of skin diseases, including acne. Existing studies can recognize only the single skin diseases, but skin diseases that occur on the face can enact in a more diverse and complex manner. Therefore, in this paper, complex skin diseases such as acne, blackheads, freckles, age spots, normal skin, and whiteheads are identified using the Inception-ResNet V2 deep learning mode with multi-label classification. The accuracy was 98.8%, hamming loss was 0.003, and precision, recall, F1-Score achieved 96.6% or more for each single class.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.30-50
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• 2007

1. Objectives Facial features are the important personal characteristics. As a study of all the standardization research about the morphology of face and head, this study was carried out to find the differences according to sex, age. 2. Methods We have collected 1140 cases of patients of the Sasang constitutional Department of Kyung-Hee Medical Center and Kangnam Kyung-Hee Oriental Hospital. we took pictures their frontal view, lateral view of face and measured height, breaths and projected length of face with Face Features Measurement Program(FFMP) and analyzed shape differences of face according to sex, age. 3. Results We got the morphologic characteristics of face according to sex, age. And we will upgrade the Sasangin Classification System by this Morphologic study of Head and Face. 4. Conclusions 1) The morphologic characteristics of face according to sex (1) A man's head is longer and wider than a woman's in most measurement. (2) A woman's eye is bigger in height than man's. (3) A woman's face is looked full-filled than man's. (4) A man's polion is higher than pupil but a woman's polion is lower than pupil. 2) The morphologic characteristics of face according to age (1) Young age's forehead is longer and higher than old age's. (2) Young age's eyebrow is wider than old age's (3) Young age's eye is bigger in height than old age's (4) Old age's nose is longer, wider and lower than young age's (5) Old age's ear is longer than young age's (6) Old age's bigonial breath is wider than young age's (7) Old age's low face is extinguished than you age's

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.3375-3379
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• 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of facial skin parameters (hydration, lipid and pH) on forehead and cheek according to Ayurvedic constitution classification of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. The condition of hydration, lipid and pH in the facial skin was measured using non-invasive diagnostic technique. The collected data was analyzed with the SPSS 16.0 windows statistical program. Design: Eighty-nine Korean female subjects were recruited for this study and the average age of them was $19.9{\pm}0.84$ years. Three groups by the Ayurvedic constitution were classified by questionnaire. Results: There was a significant difference in hydration, lipid and pH according to Ayurvedic constitution. The measurement of hydration on the face depending on the constitution were shown in the order of Pitta, Kapha and Vata (p<0.001). The measurement of lipid on the face depending on the constitution were shown in the order of Kapha, Pitta and Vata (p<0.001, p<0.01). The measurement of pH on the face depending on the constitution were shown in the order of Kapha, Pitta and Vata (p<0.01). Conclusion: Facial skin surface seemed to be dependent on Ayurvedic constitution classification in Korean. These findings indicated that Ayurvedic constitution classification might be a useful esthetic treatment for caring facial skin in the future.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.266-272
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate the therapeutic effect of closed reduction according to a classification in patients with nasal bone fracture. Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively on 186 patients with a mean age of 38 years (range: 7 to 80 years). All patients were diagnosed by clinical and radiologic examination, and then classified according to Hwang's classification by computed tomography. The patients were further classified by their age, gender, causes of fracture, operation timing after fracture, concurrent facial bone fracture, and complications. All patients underwent the same reduction and treatment protocol and were then followed up regularly for at least three months. Results: The cause of the fracture was slip down, and the highest prevalence was shown in the 20s. The mean operation timing after fracture was 4.1 days (range: 1 to 14 days), and it tended to be longer in the case of defected septal bone or more severe fracture. The most common concurrent facial bone fracture was orbital blow-out fracture, and zygomaticomaxillary complex and maxillary fracture occured frequently. The largest number of complications occurred in class III and IIBs patients, and the main complication was postoperative pain. Conclusion: Results of nasal bone closed reduction on the 186 patients showed that serious complications rarely occurred. Closed reduction is generally an effective treatment for nasal bone fracture. However, in the case of severe concurrent septal bone fracture or comminuted fracture with depression, open reduction should be considered. Further study with a larger number of patients and further classification is required.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.9-17
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• 2024

Due to the recent pandemic and the development of ICT technology, the use of non-face-to-face and unmanned systems is expanding, and it is very important to understand emotions in communication in non-face-to-face situations. As emotion recognition methods for various facial expressions are required to understand emotions, artificial intelligence-based research is being conducted to improve facial expression emotion recognition in image data. However, existing research on facial expression emotion recognition requires high computing power and a lot of learning time because it utilizes a large amount of data to improve accuracy. To improve these limitations, this paper proposes a method of recognizing facial expressions using age and gender, which are image meta information, as a method of recognizing facial expressions with even a small amount of data. For facial expression emotion recognition, a face was detected using the Yolo Face model from the original image data, and age and gender were classified through the VGG model based on image meta information, and then seven emotions were recognized using the EfficientNet model. The accuracy of the proposed data classification learning model was higher as a result of comparing the meta-information-based data classification model with the model trained with all data.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the difference of vertical movement of mandible according to Angle's molar relationship and by skeletal factors affect to vertical movement of mandible. 172(age ranged from 20 to 30) subjects who go to college within territory of Kwangju city without any experience of temporomandibular disorder, extraction and orthodontic treatment. were selected for this study. The subjects were classified into class I(male:30, female:49), class II(male:18, female:24) and class III(male:18, female:33) according to Angle's molar relationship. The distance was measured between incisal edge of maxillary and mandibular central incisor and between bottom of central fossa of maxillary and mandibular 1st molar with ruler. The arch length and width were measured on the diagnostic cast. Cephalometrics were taken and then traced. Landmarks were identified and analyzed. 1. Maximal interincisal opening of male is larger than that of female in class I, class II and class III. Among each group maximal interincisal distance is the largest in class III. Maximal intermolar distance of male is superior to that of female in class I, class II, and class III, but there is no siginficant difference among them. 2. On maximal opening movement of Angle's classification class I and class II, total mandibular length, mandibular ramal length, madibular inferior border length and upper arch width were important variables and facial length, upper arch length and lower arch length had negative relationship to that. On maximal opening movement of Angle's class III, the upper arch length, the lower arch length and anterior facial length were important variables especially when compared with class I and II, and upper arch width had negative relationship. These results suggest that maximal opening movement is affected by facial morphology in all classes, but each group is affected by different facial skeletal variables. Accordingly, facioskeletal variables might be considered as diagnosis and treatment to improve the amount of mouth opening.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.137-145
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of orthodontic patients at Yonsei Dental Hospital from 2008 to 2012. Methods: We evaluated Angle's classification from molar relationships, classification of skeletal malocclusion from the A point-nasion-B point angle, facial asymmetry, and temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) from the records of 7,476 patients who received an orthodontic diagnosis. The orthognathic surgery rate, extraction rate, and extraction sites were determined from the records of 4,861 treated patients. Results: The patient number increased until 2010 and gradually decreased thereafter. Most patients were aged 19-39 years, with a gradual increase in patients aged ${\geq}40years$. Angle's Class I, Class II divisions 1 and 2, and Class III malocclusions were observed in 27.7%, 25.6%, 10.6%, and 36.1% patients, respectively, with a gradual decrease in the frequency of Class I malocclusion. The proportion of patients with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions was 34.3%, 34.3%, and 31.4%, respectively, while the prevalence of facial asymmetry and TMDs was 11.0% and 24.9%, respectively. The orthognathic surgery rate was 18.5%, with 70% surgical patients exhibiting skeletal Class III malocclusion. The overall extraction rate among nonsurgical patients was 35.4%, and the maxillary and mandibular first premolars were the most commonly extracted teeth. Conclusions: The most noticeable changes over time included a decrease in the patient number after 2010, an increase in the average patient age, and a decrease in the frequency of Angle's Class I malocclusion. Our results suggest that periodic characterization is necessary to meet the changing demands of orthodontic patients.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.289-294
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• 2008

Purpose: The nasal bone fracture is known as the most common facial fracture. Several authors reported the classification of nasal bone fracture. Stranc classified the type of nasal fractures based on a pattern of impaction and level of injuries. Stranc classification proposed here is based on careful clinical observation and relates to both treatment and prognosis. The aim of this study is to determine any predictive value to the preoperative classification of nasal fracture, using the description by Stranc and Robertson. Methods: We reviewed 310 patients with nasal bone fracture treated at our hospital for last two years. Results: Lateral impact type of nasal bone fracture predominated more than frontal impact in the ratio of 2.3:1. The most common type of Stranc classification was lateral impact plane I(48.4%). Male predominated more than female in the ratio of 3:1. The most frequent age group was first decade(27.1%), second decade in frontal impact(30.5%), first decade in lateral impact (30.7%). The most common etiology was violence (31.3%) followed by slip down(21.3%), and traffic accident(18.1 %).The most common associated fracture was orbital(22.9%) followed by zygoma(10%), and maxilla (6.1%). The most common complication was septal deviation(20.0%) in frontal impact, and nasal deformity (26.0%) in lateral impact. The incidence of nasal deformity in lateral impact(26.0%) was more higher than frontal impact(15.8%) Conclusion: By assessing the pathomechanics and resultant degree of injury to the nasal skeleton, a better understanding of the treatment plan and prognosis was obtained. Using this information, satisfactory informed patient consent can be obtained.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.205-210
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• 2022

Background: Nasal bone fractures are the most common type of facial bone fracture, but are under-studied in adults above 65 years of age. Therefore, we investigated the epidemiology and patterns of nasal bone fractures among older adults in comparison to different age groups. Methods: This retrospective study included 2,321 nasal bone fracture patients who underwent surgery at our hospital from January 2010 to December 2017. The patients were classified by age as preschoolers, school-age children, young and middle-aged adults, and the elderly. We performed pairwise comparisons between elderly patients and each other age group in terms of sex, cause of injury, and fracture type. Results: The 2,321 nasal bone fracture patients included 76 elderly patients (50 men [65.8%] and 26 women [34.2%]). In these patients, the two most common injury causes were falling or slipping down (n= 39; 51.3%) and road traffic accidents (n= 19; 25.0%). According to the Stranc and Robertson classification, the most common force vector was lateral, and plane 2 fractures with lateral forces predominated. Conclusion: The elderly showed similar patterns of nasal bone fractures to those observed in young and middle-aged adults, but significant differences from preschoolers (in the injury vector and plane of fracture) and from school-age children (in the sex ratio and plane of fracture). However, elderly patients presented significantly different epidemiological characteristics compared to the other three groups. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the quality of life of the elderly and prepare for the upcoming super-aged society by taking steps to reduce the incidence and severity of fractures. Possible options for doing so include strengthening individual-level safety factors and expanding the social safety net for the elderly.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.261-268
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• 2014

Face detection is essential to the full automation of face image processing application system such as face recognition, facial expression recognition, age estimation and gender identification. It is found that local image features which includes Haar-like, LBP, and MCT and the Adaboost algorithm for classifier combination are very effective for real time face detection. In this paper, we present a face detection method using local pixel direction code(PDC) feature and lookup table classifiers. The proposed PDC feature is much more effective to dectect the faces than the existing local binary structural features such as MCT and LBP. We found that our method's classification rate as well as detection rate under equal false positive rate are higher than conventional one.