• ETRI Journal
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.600-610
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• 2011

This paper presents a novel approach to face detection by localizing faces as the goal-specific saliencies in a scene, using the framework of selective visual attention of a human with a particular goal in mind. The proposed approach aims at achieving human-like robustness as well as efficiency in face detection under large scene variations. The key is to establish how the specific knowledge relevant to the goal interacts with the bottom-up process of external visual stimuli for saliency detection. We propose a direct incorporation of the goal-related knowledge into the specification and/or modification of the internal process of a general bottom-up saliency detection framework. More specifically, prior knowledge of the human face, such as its size, skin color, and shape, is directly set to the window size and color signature for computing the center of difference, as well as to modify the importance weight, as a means of transforming into a goal-specific saliency detection. The experimental evaluation shows that the proposed method reaches a detection rate of 93.4% with a false positive rate of 7.1%, indicating the robustness against a wide variation of scale and rotation.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.350-364
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• 2014

Objectives This study was aimed to find the significant features of face form according to the Taeeumin and Soyangin by analyzing the three-dimensional face information data. Also, making standard face of the Taeeumin and Soyangin was an object of this study. Methods We collected three-dimensional face data of patients aged between 20~45 years old diagnosed by a specialist of Sasang constitutional medicine. The data were collected using a 3D scanner, Morpheus 3D(Morpheus Corporation, KOREA). Extracting a face feature point total of 64, was set to 332 pieces(height, angle, ratio, etc.) of each variable between feature points. ANOVA test were used to compare the characteristics of subjects according to the Taeeumin and Soyangin. Results When not to consider gender, the Taeeumin and Soyangin were different from the 18 items(3 items in the ear, 9 items in the eye, 1 item in the nose, 1 item in the mouth, 4 items in the jaw). When to consider gender, the Taeeumin and Soyangin men were different from the 6 items(1 item in the ear, 2 items in the nose, 3 items in the face). And the Taeeumin and Soyangin women were different from 17 items(1 item in the ear, 10 items in the eye, 2 items in the nose, 1 item in the mouth, 3 items in the face). Conclusions These results show Taeeumin's face(both men and women) width of the right and left is larger than the length of the top and bottom. Compared to men of Soyangin, men of Taeeumin has greater wings of the nose. Compared to women of Soyangin, women of Taeeumin has longer length of the eye. Soyangin's face(both men and women) length of the top and bottom is larger than the width of the right and left. Compared to men of Taeeumin, men of Soyangin has smaller wings of the nose. Compared to women of Taeeumin, women of Soyangin has more stereoscopic facial features at the top and bottom of the lateral face. Also, by accumulating three-dimensional face data, this study modeled the standard facial features by Taeeumin and Soyangin. These results may be helpful in the development of Sasang constitutional diagnostics utilizing the characteristics of the facial form at later.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.1007-1025
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• 2008

We will describe a way to construct Ford domains of cusped hyperbolic 3-manifolds on maximal cusp diagrams and compute fundamental groups using face pairing maps as generators and Cannon-Floyd-Parry's edge cycles as relations. We also describe explicitly a cutting and pasting alteration to reduce the number of faces on the bottom region of Ford domains. We expect that our analysis of Ford domains will be useful on other future research.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.192-197
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• 2020

In this study, we try to find ways to recognize face recognition more stably and to improve the effectiveness and reliability of face recognition. In order to improve the face recognition rate, a lot of data must be used, but that does not necessarily mean that the recognition rate is improved. Another criterion for improving the recognition rate can be seen that the top/bottom of the recognition rate is determined depending on how accurately or precisely the degree of classification of the data to be used is made. There are various methods for classification analysis, but in this study, classification analysis is performed using a support vector machine (SVM). In this study, feature information is extracted using a normalized image with rotation information, and then projected onto the eigenspace to investigate the relationship between the feature values through the classification analysis of SVM. Verification through classification analysis can improve the effectiveness and reliability of various recognition fields such as object recognition as well as face recognition, and will be of great help in improving recognition rates.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07e
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• pp.2307-2310
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• 2003

In this paper, a method for face recognition based on the wavelet packet decomposition is proposed. In the proposed method, the input image is decomposed by the 2-level wavelet packet transformation and then the face areas are defined by the Integral Projection technique applied to each of the 1-level subband images, HL and LH. After the defined face areas are divided into three areas, called top, bottom, and border, the mean and the variance of the three areas of the approximation image are computed, and the variance of the single predetermined face area for the rest of 15 detail images, from which the feature vectors of statistical measure are extracted. In this paper we use the wavelet packet decomposition, a generalization of the classical wavelet decomposition, to obtain its richer signal analysis features such as discontinuity in higher derivatives, self-similarity, etc. And we have shown that even with very simple statistical features such as mean values and variance we can make an excellent basis for face classification, if an appropriate probability distance is used.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1145-1156
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• 2016

To study the effects of foam core density and face-sheet thickness on the mechanical properties and failure modes of aluminum foam sandwich (AFS) beam, especially when the aluminum foam core is made in aluminum alloy and the face sheet thickness is less than 1.5 mm, three-point bending tests were investigated experimentally by using WDW-50E electronic universal tensile testing machine. Load-displacement curves were recorded to understand the mechanical response and photographs were taken to capture the deformation process of the composite structures. Results demonstrated that when foam core was combined with face-sheet thickness of 0.8 mm, its carrying capacity improved with the increase of core density. But when the thickness of face-sheet increased from 0.8 mm to 1.2 mm, result was opposite. For AFS with the same core density, their carrying capacity increased with the face-sheet thickness, but failure modes of thin face-sheet AFS were completely different from the thick face-sheet AFS. There were three failure modes in the present research: yield damage of both core and bottom face-sheet (Failure mode I), yield damage of foam core (Failure mode II), debonding between the adhesive interface (Failure mode III).

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.385-402
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• 2022

This paper deals with the study of hydrodynamic pressure in reservoir adjacent to the concrete gravity dam subjected to dynamic excitation. Widely famous finite element method is used to discretize the reservoir domain for modelling purpose. Pressure is considered as nodal variable following Eulerian approach. A suitable nonreflecting boundary condition is applied at truncated face of reservoir to make the infinite reservoir to finite one for saving the computational cost. Thorough studies have been done on generation of hydrodynamic pressure in reservoir with variation of different geometrical properties. Velocity profile and hydrodynamic pressure are observed due to harmonic excitation for variation of inclination angle of dam reservoir interface. Effect of bottom slope angle and inclined length of reservoir bottom on hydrodynamic pressure coefficient of reservoir are also observed. There is significant increase in hydrodynamic pressure and distinct changes in velocity profile of reservoir are noticeable for change in inclination angle of dam reservoir interface. Change of bottom slope and inclined length of reservoir bottom are also governing factor for variation of hydrodynamic pressure in reservoir subjected to dynamic excitation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.938-948
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to offer typical facial shapes Korean women in their 20's to 50's. We used facial photographs of 600 Korean women obtained from $2003\sim2004$ Size Korea Project and we measured these photographs indirectly in this study by utilizing the Venus face2D program. Total 62 measurements on the face were measured and analyzed by statistical methods. The results were as follows. First of all, the mean of face length was 196mm, top face length was 62.3mm, middle face length was 68.9mm, bottom face length was 66.5mm, mean of forehead width was 125.1mm. As based on those average sizes, we proposed a average facial size and shape of Korean women and a average facial size and shape of 20's, 30's, 40's and 50's in this study. When examined characteristic of 20's facial shape, it was recognized that the width of forehead was wider and the width of gnathion was smaller than other age groups. In the characteristic of 30's facial shape, the ratios of facial length, top of face, middle of face and bottom of face were balanced well, as comparing with other age groups. Overall, the values of facial measurement of 30's were similar to the averages of total women. In the facial shape of 40's, mean length and width of face each were the smallest among each age group. The eye shape of 40's was more drooped than the average eye shape and the protrusion of the zygomatic bone was significantly different. In case of the facial shape of 50's, it was similar to the facial shape of 40's, but mean lengths and widths of 50's face were slightly larger than the values of 40's. The eye shape of 50's was more drooped than average group and the eye length was the smallest among all age groups.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.499-509
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• 2016

In recent years, the use of underground spaces becomes more frequent and the demands for urban tunnels are rapidly increasing. The urban tunnels constructed in the ground with a shallow and soft cover might be deformed in various forms on the face, which would lead, the tunnels to behavior 3-dimensionally, which may have a great impact on the longitudinal load transfer. The tunnel face might deform in various forms depending on the construction method, overburden and the heterogeneity of the ground. And accordingly, the type and size of the distribution of the load transferred to the ground adjacent to the tunnel face as well as the form of the loosened ground may appear in various ways depending on the deformation form of the tunnel face. Therefore, in this study was conducted model tests by idealizing the deformation behavior of the tunnel face, that were constant deformation, the maximum deformation on the top and the maximum deformation on the bottom. And the test results were analyzed focusing on the deformation of the face and the longitudinal load transfer at the ground above the tunnel. As results, it turned out that the size and the distribution type of the load, which was transferred to the tunnel as well as the earth pressure on the face were affected by the deformation type of the face. The largest load was transferred to the tunnel when the deformation was in a constant form. Less load was transferred when the maximum deformation on the bottom, and the least load was transferred when the maximum deformation on the top. In addition, it turned out that, if the cover became more shallow, a longitudinal load transfer in the tunnel would limited to the region close to the face; however, if the cover became higher than a certain value, the area of the load transfer would become wider.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.32-38
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• 2006

During stereolithography processes, the shape errors such as curl distortion and distortion of side face are generated due to the shrinkage of liquid resins. In this study, the effects of dimension of part and structure of supports on the shape error are examined. Cubic specimens which have different thicknesses are manufactured and their deformations are measured with CMM. Thicker part generates smaller curl distortion of top face and larger of bottom face. Also thicker part generates larger distortion of side face until part thickness increases to about 20mm. Larger stiffness of supports which is obtained by shorter spacing of the supports and line type contact instead of point type contact generates smaller shape error of the part.