• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.2 s.73
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• pp.239-249
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• 1999

In orthognathic surgery to obtain proper functional and esthetic form after skeletal discrepancy treatment, precise diagnosis and treatment plan are essential. Especially in two jaw surgeries that have serious upper and lower jaw problems, maxilla and mandible are arranged in three dimensions. Based on the maxillary rearrangement, mandibular sagittal and transverse positions are determined, and thus new occlusal plane is established. The object of this study is to evaluate the stability of the indiviual ideal occlusal plane based on the architectural and structural craniofacial analysis of Delaires. The subjects of this study were 48 patients who underwent two jaw surgeries, and they were equally divided into two groups, A and B. A group was operated with ideal occlusal plane and B group was not. Two groups were compared at the preoperative, immediate postoperative (average 4.3days), and long-term postoperative (average 1.3years) lateral cephalometric radiographs. The following results were obtained: 1. ANS was lower than that of PNS for both A and B after the surgery. That is, maxilla and mandible are rotated in posterior and superior direction. 2. Significances were found between $T_2$ and $T_3$ for both A and B are HRP-Me at vortical measurements, articular angle(p<0.01), gonial angle(p<0.01), and Mn. plane angle(p<0.05) at angular measurement. Mn. plane angle is increased at HRP-Me is decreased for both A and B. 3. There is no significance in skeletal stability aster the surgery between group A and B. 4. Horizontal movements of B and Pog by surgery have statistically significant inverse correlations with horizontal relapse of B and Pog, and vertical relapse of PNS, as well as Mn. Plane angle, and gonial angle after the surgery.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.1 s.28
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• pp.17-25
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• 1981

No evidence has accumulated that lead compound is an essential component for biological function in animals. Lead is absorbed primarily through the epithelial mucosal cells in duodenum and the absorption can be enhanced by the substances which bind lead and increase its solubility. Iron, zinc and calcium ions, however, decrease the absorption of lead without affecting its solubility, probably by competing for shared absorptive receptors in the intestinal mucosa. Therefore, the absorption of lead is increased in iron deficient animals. Lead shows a strong affinity for ligands such as phosphate, cysteinyl and histidyl side chains of proteins, pterins and porphyrins. Hence lead can act on various active sites of enzymes, inhibiting the enzymes which has functional sulfhydryl groups. lead inhibits the activity of ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase for the biosynthesis of hemoproteins and cytochrome, which catalyzed the synthesis of monopyrrole prophobilinogen from ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid. Accordingly lead decrease hepatic cytochrome p-450 content, resulting an inhibition of the activity of demethylase and hydroxylase in liver. Little informations are available on the effect of lead on digestive system although the catastrophic effects of lead intoxication are well documented. The present study was, therefore, attempted to investigate the effect of lead on pancreaticobiliary secretion in rats. Albino rats of both sexes weighing $170{\sim}230g$ were used for this study. The animals were divided into one control and three treated groups, i.e., control (physiologic saline 1.5ml/kg i.p.), lead acetate $(l0{\mu}mole/kg/day\;i.p.)$, $Pb(Ac)_2$ and EDTA$(each\;10{\mu}mole/kg/day\;i.p.)$, $Pb(Ac)_2$ and $FeSO_4(each\;l0{\mu}mole/kg/day\;hp)$. The pancreatico-biliary juice was collected under urethane anesthesia, and activities of amylase and lipase were determined by employing Sumner's and Cherry and Crandall's methods. The summarized results are follows. 1) In the experiment for acute toxicity of lead acetate, 20% of mortality was observed in rat treated with lead acetate as well as inhibition of the activity of amylase in the juice at the 3 rd day of the treatment. 2) No increases in body weight were observed in rats treated with lead acetate, while in control group the significant increases were observed. However, the body weights of animals were increased in the group lead acetate plus EDTA or $FeSO_4$. 3) Lead acetate decreased significantly the volume of pancreatico-biliary juice whereas additional treatment of EDTA and $FeSO_4$ prevented it. 4) Total activity of amylase was markedly reduced due to lead acetate treatment, but no change was showed following additional treatment with EDTA and $FeSO_4$. 5) No changes in the cholate and lipase output were observed in rats treated with lead acetate as compared with that of control rats. 6) Increase in bilirubin output in rats treated with lead acetate was shown on the 2nd and 3rd weeks treatment. 7) In the case of in vitro experiment, lead acetate also markedly inhibited release of amylase from pancreatic fragment. 8) Histologic finding indicated that acini vacuolation was induced in the pancreatic tissue of rat treated with lead acete. From the above results, it might be concluded that lead acetate decreases the volume of pancreatico-biliary secretion and inhibits the amylase activity, by acting directly on pancreatic cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.613-621
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• 2006

This study was performed to evaluate the storage quality of milk bread added with $\beta$-glucan (10 20 and 30%), which is a functional food material produced from Agrobacterium spp. R259 KCTC 10197BP. During storage ($20^{\circ}C$, 40% relative humidity) the pH of all breads gradually increased, although there were no significant differences in pH of the $\beta$-glucan added milk bread from those of the control. During storage, the moisture content of all groups decreased, however, moisture contents in the $\beta$-glucan added breads were higher than that in the control. Hunter color values ($L^*,\;a^*\;and\;b^*\;value$) of the milk bread added upto 20% $\beta$-glucan were not significantly different, but the lightness increased during storage. Rapid increase of hardness in the milk bread during storage was observed in control, while the hardness of $\beta$-glucan added bread increased slowly. Also, the degree of retrogradation of bread decreased as $\beta$-glucan addition amount increased. Sensory evaluation showed that the score of over-all acceptability of the bread added with 20% $\beta$-glucan was the highest among treated groups until four days of storage. This study confirmed that the addition of $\beta$-glucan to milk bread maintained the moisture content and delayed hardness during storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.659-670
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• 2017

Oxidative stress and inflammation are key factors responsible for progression of liver injury. A variety of functions of oyster hydrolysate (OH) are affected by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, little is known regarding the effects of OH on a liver injury model. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of OH on acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) in mice. Experimental groups were divided into six groups as follows (each group, n=10): control (saline), LPS/D-GalN, LPS/D-GalN+OH (100 mg/kg), LPS/D-GalN+OH (200 mg/kg), LPS/D-GalN+OH (400 mg/kg), and LPS/D-GalN+silymarin (25 mg/kg, positive control). The experimental acute liver injury model was induced with LPS ($1{\mu}g/kg$) and D-GalN (400 mg/kg). We first analyzed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in OH. OH showed high DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reduced ROS generation in Chang cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, OH showed anti-inflammatory activities, such as inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipooxygenase. Treatment with OH down-regulated tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, and $IL-1{\alpha}$ expression levels in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. OH significantly reduced LPS/D-GalN-induced increases in the concentrations of alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum. In the LPS/D-GalN group, liver tissues exhibited apoptosis of hepatocytes with hemorrhages. These pathological alterations were ameliorated by OH treatment. Consistently, hepatic catalase activity was low in the LPS/D-GalN group compared to the control group, and catalase activity was significantly restored by OH treatment (P<0.05). Furthermore, OH markedly reduced the LPS/D-GalN-induced increase in $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, and IL-6 levels in liver tissue. Taken together, these results show that OH has hepatoprotective effects on LPS/D-GalN-induced acute liver injury via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting that OH could be used as a health functional food and potential therapeutic agent for acute liver injury.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2010

Purpose: To compare the outcome of patients who underwent rotator cuff repair using all-arthroscopic mini-open repair techniques. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 44 patients who underwent either arthroscopic (group I) or mini-open (group II) rotator cuff repair. 23 patients underwent an arthroscopic repair and 21 patients had a mini-open repair. The mean age was 50.4 years in the arthroscopic group and 56.7 years in the mini-open group. The outcomes for the 2 groups were evaluated using ROM, VAS, ASES, UCLA scale. Statistical analysis was performed using correlations, T-test, Paired T-test. The mean follow-up period in the arthroscopic and mini-open groups were 24.1months and 26.1months, respectively. Results: The group I (arthroscopic group) had 2 small-sized tears, 10 medium sized tears, and 11 large sized tears (3~5 cm). The group II (mini-open group) had 1 small sized tears, 8 medium sized tears, and 12 large sized tears. The mean cuff tear size of the group I and Group II were 3.8 cm and 4.2 cm, respectively. At last follow-up periods, ROM and functional scores were improved. In the group I and group II, there were no significant difference in ROM, VAS, ASES, UCLA score. Conclusion: The size of the tear did not produce different results at arthroscopic repair group but larger tear size was associated with a worse outcome in mini-open group. There were no significant clinical results between the arthroscopic and mini-open group.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 2010

Purpose: To compare the incidence and risk factors for osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction between two groups using bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) and hamstring tendon (HT) autograft. Materials and Methods: 53 cases of ACL reconstruction using patellar tendon and 40 cases using hamstring tendon were followed up at least 8 years. Radiographic evaluation was done according to the Kellgren and Lawrence's classification. Clinical functional testing (Lysholm Knee Scores, the Tegner activity scores) and laxity testing (Lachman, pivot shift tests), and the instrumented laxity testing with $Telos^{(R)}$ were all examined in relation to the development of osteoarthritis. Results: Radiographic osteoarthritic changes were detected in 24 patients (45.3%) in BPTB group and 14 patients (35.0%) in HT group. Accompanying meniscal injury (BPTB p<0.001; HT p=0.091), intervals from the injury to reconstruction of > 12 months (BPTB p=0.037; HT p=0.021), and patient's age at reconstruction of > 25 years (BPTB p=0.003; HT p=0.048) were found to be significant independent predictors of osteoarthritis. However, no statistically significant correlations were found between the development of osteoarthritis and the clinical outcome or the radiographic stability in both groups. Conclusion: Although ACL reconstruction using BPTB or HT autograft had good clinical results at an average follow-up of 10 years, considerable incidence of radiographic osteoarthritic changes were noted. Various factors such as accompanying meniscal injury, protracted time from injury to reconstruction, more than 25 years old at the time of reconstruction were related to radiographic osteoarthritic changes.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 2009

Background: Mitral valve abnormalities in the pediatric population are rare. Mitral valve replacement or pediatric mitral lesions can cause problems such as a lack of growth potential. There re only limited experiences with mitral valve repair at any institution, so the purpose of his study is to evaluate the outcomes of mitral valve repair n pediatric patients. Material and Method: Sixty-four consecutive children (28 males and 36 females) with a mean age of $5.5{\pm}4.7$ years underwent mitral valve repair for treating their congenital mitral valve disease between January 1996 and December 2005. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (34 patients (53.1%)) had isolated disease (mitral anomaly with or without trial septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus) and group 2 (30 patients (46.9%)) had complex disease (mitral anomaly with concurrent intracardiac disease, except atrioventricular septal defect). Result: The overall in-hospital mortality was 6.3%; group 1 had 5.9% mortality and group 2 had 10.0% mortality. The postoperative morbidity was 18.8%; group 1 and 2 had 14.7% and 23.3% postoperative morbidity, respectively, and there as no significant difference among the groups. The median follow-up was 4.6 years range: $0.5{\sim}12.2$ years). The 10-year survival rate was 95.3%. The 10-year freedom from re-operation rate was 76.1% with 10 re-operations. The majority of the functional classifications were annular dilatation and leaflet prolapse. A mean of $2.1{\pm}1.1$ procedures per patient were performed. The echocardiography that was done at the immediate postoperative period showed a significant improvement in the mitral valve function. The follow-up echocardiographic results were significantly improved. However, mitral stenosis newly developed over time, and there ere significant differences according to the repair strategies. Conclusion: The patients who underwent mitral valve repair for congenital mitral anomalies showed good results. The follow-up echocardiography revealed satisfactory short-term and long-term results. Close follow-up is necessary to detect the development of postoperative mitral stenosis or regurgitation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2000

This study was designed to investigate the effects og $10{\%},\;20{\%}\;and\;40{\%}$-addition of functional brown algae (FBA)-noodles on oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes in liver of Sprague-Dawley(SD) male rats. Hydroxyl radicals$({\cdot}OH)$ formations were significantly inhibited$(20{\~}35{\%}\;and\;12{\~}20{\%})$ in liver mitochondria and microsomes of rats administered $0{\%},\;20{\%}\;and\;40{\%}$ FBA-noodles compared with that of control group. Significant differences in $H_2O_2$ formations of liver microsome in these FBA-noodles fed groups could not be obtained, but superoxide-radical $(O_2^({\cdot}-))$ formations of liver cytosol resulted in a significant decrease about $10{\%}\;in\;20{\%}\;and\;40{\%}$ FBA-noodles compared with control group. Mn-SOD activities in liver mitochondria were significanlty increased $(10{\~}15{\%})$ in the groups fed $10{\%},\;20{\%}\;and\;40{\%}$ FBA-noodles, while a group administered $40{\%}$ FBA-noodle only resulted In a significant increases $(about 12{\%})$ in Mn-SOD activity of liver microsomes compared with control group. Cu, Zn-SOD activities in liver cytosol were significantly increased $(10{\~}20{\%})\;in\;10{\%},\;20{\%}\;and\;40{\%}$ FEA-noodles compared with control group. Administration of $10{\%},\;20{\%}\;and\;40{\%}$ FBA-noodles resulted in a marked increases$(20{\~}40{\%})$ in liver cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) compared with control group. Significant differences in lipid peroxide (LPO) levels of mitochondria and microsomes in $10{\%}$ FBA-noodle could not be obtained, while LPO levels of $20{\%} and 40{\%}$ FBA-noodles were significantly inhibited about $10{\%}$ in mitochondria and microsomes compared with control group. These results suggest that these FBA-noodles may play a desirable role in attenuating an oxygen radical formations and increasing a scavenger enzymes activity by some brown algae (Undaria pinnatifida) components.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2015

Purpose: The effects of water extract and distillate from the mixture of black goat meat and medicinal herb on MG-63 osteoblast proliferation and mouse bone marrow derived osteoclast formation were investigated. Methods: Proximate composition, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), mineral content, free amino acid composition and free fatty acid composition in black goat meat were determined. Water extract and distillate were prepared with three groups; goat meat only (BG-E, BG-D), six herbs added group (BG-E6, BG-D6), and eight herbs added group (BG-E8, BG-D8). Osteoblast proliferation, mineralization and calcium uptake activity of MG-63 cells were measured and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity of osteoclasts was analyzed. Results: Black goat meat had remarkably low fat and high level of calcium. Glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid. Herbs added extract groups (BG-E6 and BG-E8) showed increased MG-63 cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner, while all the distillates did not show the effect. All extracts and distillates showed significantly increased osteoblast mineralization depending on the concentration. In particular, herb added extract, BG-E6, increased 170.3% of control and the distillate of BG-D and BG-D6 increased up to 168.5% and 159.8%, respectively. Calcium uptake activities of all water extracts showed remarkable increase of BG-E6 and BG-E8 up to 615.5% and 628.1% of control, respectively. Ditillates had no effect except BG-D6. All water extracts significantly reduced the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in osteoclasts derived from mouse bone marrow. Conclusion: Combination of black goat meat and medicinal herb increased the MG-63 cell proliferation and effectively inhibited osteoclast differentiation in both water extracts and distillate of them, which implies that they could be used as potent functional food materials for bone health.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.560-567
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• 2016

Sensory evaluation, in vitro antioxidant activities and main compounds of coffee water-extract, coffee liqueur (CL) and coffee-ground liqueur (CGL) were investigated to consider their industrialization. Sensory evaluation showed that all groups of CGL without 25% CGL (3 month) were relatively higher than CL groups. Total phenolic compounds and in vitro antioxidant activities such as 1,1-diphenyl-2picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) were also performed. The group of 35% CGL had higher total phenolic compounds than others, and the result of DPPH radical scavenging activity was similar to that of total phenolic compounds. In addition, 35% CGL is comparable to the FRAP of coffee water extract (CE). Qualitative and quantitative analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were performed, and chlorogenic acid as a ployphenolic compound and caffeine as a nonpolyphenolic compound were detected in all samples. Moreover, the HPLC analysis showed that CGLs contain a larger amounts of chlorogenic acid (difference of 0.3~10.5%) and also greater amounts of caffeine (difference of 10.0~18.2%) more then CE. Consequently, these results suggest that coffee-ground as coffee by-products could be used as commercially available food substances because of its physiological molecules remained.