• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to investigate kinematic parameters of racket head and upper extremities during squash back hand stroke and to provide quantitative data to the players. Five Korean elite male players were used as subjects in this study. To find out the swing motion of the players, the land-markers were attached to the segments of upper limb and 3-D motion analysis was performed. Orientation angles were also computed for angular movement of each segment. The results were as follows. 1) the average time of the back hand swing (downswing + follow-through) was 0.39s (0.24 s + 0.15 s). 2) for each event, the average racket velocity at impact was 11.17m/s and the velocity at the end of swing was 8.03m/s, which was the fastest swing speed after impact. Also, for each phase, 5.10m/s was found in down swing but 7.68m/s was found in follow-through. Racket swing speed was fastest after the impact but the swing speed was reduced in the follow-through phase. 3) in records of average of joints angle, shoulder angle was defined as the relative angle to the body. 1.04rad was found at end of back swing, 1.75rad at impact and it changes to 2.35 rad at the end of swing. Elbow angle was defined as the relative angle of forearm to upper arm. 1.73rad was found at top of backswing, 2.79rad at impact, and the angle was changed to 2.55rad at end of swing. Wrist angle was defined as the relative angle of hand to forearm. 2.48rad was found at top of backswing, 2.86rad at impact, and the angle changes to 1.96rad at end of swing. As a result, if the ball is to fly in the fastest speed, the body has to move in the order of trunk, shoulder, elbow and wrist (from proximal segment to distal segment). Thus, the flexibility of the wrist can be very important factor to increase ball speed as the last action of strong impact. In conclusion, the movement in order of the shoulder, elbow and the wrist decided the racket head speed and the standard deviations were increased as the motion was transferred from proximal to the distal segment due to the personal difference of swing arc. In particular, the use of wrist (snap) may change the output dramatically. Therefore, it was concluded that the flexible wrist movement in squash was very important factor to determine the direction and spin of the ball.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 1992

From July 1988 through November 1991,26 patients with inoperable arteriovenous malformations were treated with 6 MV linear accelerator at the Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical College. There were 5 females and 21 males with median age of 29 years (range: $6\~63$ years) and median follow up times of 15 months (range: $4\~40$ months). The arteriovenous malformation volumes treated ranged from 1 cm diameter to 3.5 cm rectangular size. The prescribed doses at the isocenter varied from 15 to 30 Gy and were given as a single fraction. To date, all patients performed follow-up not only clinically but also through CT or angiography based radiologic modalities every 6 month. A complete obliteration was achieved in 6 ($23\%$) and partial obliteration in 8 ($31\%$) and no change in 1 ($4\%$). We observed 14 ($54\%$) responsiveness of arteriovenous malformations after radiosurgery by 2 years afterward. Whereas, the decision of the remaining 11 ($42\%$) patients was considered too early to expect the therapeutic response following radiosurgery. No complications through treatment related were observed, yet. Our initial outcome in these first 26 patients with arteriovenous malformations is recommended further follow-up.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.526-537
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• 1999

Objectives : It is known that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus(DM) appears to be rapidly increasing in recent times in Korea, presumably due to a westernized diet and change of life style followed by rapid economic growth. Based on the Seoul male cohort which was constructed in 1993, this study was conducted to estimate the annual incidence rates of DM through 4 years' follow up and to determine which factors are associated with DM risk in Korean middle-aged men. Methods : Among 14,533 men recruited at baseline, 559 were excluded because they reported a history of diabetes or were found to be diabetes at 1992 routine health examination. During 4 years' follow-up, 237 incident DM cases were ascertained through chart reviews and telephone contacts for those who have ever visited hospitals or clinics under suspicion of DM during 1993-1996 and the biennial routine health examinations in 1994 and 1996. Results : In this study the annual incidence of DM among the study population was estimated to be 0.5 per 100. This study showed that fasting glucose level at initial baseline examination was a powerful predictor of risk for diabetes several years later(fasting blood glucose of $\geq$ 110 mg/dl compared with $\leq$ 80 mg/dl, Hazard Ratio[HR]:15.6, 95% Confidence interval[CI]=9.1-26.6) after considering potential covariates such as age, family history, smoking and alcohol history, body mass index, physical activity, total energy intake, and total fiber intake. Adjusted hazard ratios of family history of diabetes was 1.95(95% CI=1.38-2.75); of obesity as measured by BMI(BMI $\geq$ 25.3 compared with $\leq$ 21.3) was 7.19(95% CI=3,75-13.8); of weight change during middle life(>10kg compared with $\leq$ 5) was 1.77(95% CI=1.16-2.69); of smoking(current vs none) was 1.93(95% CI=1.06-3.51); and fat intake(upper fertile compared with lower fertile) was 1.88(95% CI=1.01-3.49), while fiber intake was associated with the reduced risk(HR=0.36, 95% CI=0.19-0.67). Conclusion : The factors identified in this study indicate that the greatest reduction in risk of diabetes might be achieved through population-based efforts that promote fiber intake and reduce obesity, smoking, and fat intake.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2013

This study examined 24 right-handed amateur baseball players. Twelve who had played baseball for more than 6 years were grouped as skilled players, while 12 who had played for 1-3 years were the unskilled player group. The swing motion was divided into four event phases: stance, backswing, impact, and follow-through. The mean and maximum plantar pressure, center of pressure, and ground reaction force were measured during each event phase. The mean and standard deviations for each variables were calculated and differences were validated with the independent sample t-test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results were as follows. 1)The ideal stance is a stable, balanced position with more than 65% of weight on the right foot. There was significant difference in mean left plantar pressure, while the maximal plantar pressure and mean right plantar pressure did not differ significant. 2)The effective backswing of a skilled player is comprised a rightward shift in weight to build maximum energy. More than 90% of the weight was on the right foot. There was a significant difference in the mean left plantar pressure, while the maximal plantar pressure and mean right plantar pressure did not differ significantly. 3) For an effective impact, a rapid shift in weight to the left foot is essential, so that a power hit is obtained. Significant difference in the mean and maximum plantar pressures of both feet were observed. 4)Follow-through requires wight balance, more on the right than the left, without leaning leftward. There was no significant difference in the mean or maximum plantar pressure. 5)The center of plantar pressure should move from the center of the foot to the toe. 6)The analyses of the ground reaction force suggest that a good swing involves a gradual shift in weight to the right side and a rapid leftward shift at impact. Good balance, with the center of gravity on the right side at follow-through, is also required.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.14 no.6 s.53
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• pp.185-192
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• 2005

The Tabernacle was Personally designed by God and was ordered from God to Moses to build it as the first Piece of church architecture that accurately showed God's love and will of salvation towards humankind. Tabernacles, through the architecture of tabernacles teaches the Lord being among us. His Holiness and man's sins, and also reflects the path of eternity as well as the good news and salvation through Jesus Christ. And the Tabernacle is talking of the Glory of New Jerusalem that is provided Kingdom of Heaven for us at the same time being a completion of a final and ultimate church constructed long predicted through the Bible being already designed by God. The external expression of modern architecture may follow the uniqueness of that age but the special quality of the interior and exterior symbolism of church architecture will have to consist the standards of God for He is the first, sincere designer.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1258-1261
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• 2000

Intraspinal neurenteric cyst is rare congenital lesion derived from disorder of notochord formation. Most of these are located ventral to the spinal cord and conventional posterior approach is considered to be effective method as initial treatment modality. This cyst can recur, but the risk of reccurence after partial removal through long term follow-up has not been determined. We experienced one case of cervical neurenteric cyst which recurred after partial removal through laminectomy. The magnetic resonance imaging and postmyelography computerized tomography revealed an intradural extramedullary cystic lesion anterior to the cervical cord at the fifth cervical vertebra level. We performed anterior cervical corpectomy and cyst was totally removed. The patient's neurological symptom was improved postoperatively. Neurenteric cyst located ventrally to the cervical spinal cord should be removed through anterior route for direct visualization of the relationship between the cyst wall and the spinal cord.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.488-491
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• 1993

Over the past 8 years, from 1985 to 1992, 6 patients with ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva underwent open heart surgery in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital. Five aneurysms originated from the right coronary sinus and ruptured into right ventricle and one from noncoronary sinus into RA. Ventricular septal defects were associated with 5 cases and one had no associated cardiac anomalies. The ruptured aneurysms were repaired through double incisions in 3 cases, through aortotomy in 2 cases and through right atriotomy in 1 case. There were no early and late complications and follow up results are excellent in all patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.538-547
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• 2001

Purpose: To evaluate the emergency medical protocols and need assessment through the case report Method: The study investigated the emergency call system through the 1339 emergency patients information center in 1997. Results: The emergency calls tend to follow general trends of the type of cases : abdominal pain (13.5%), unconsciousness(12.0%), traffic accidents (7.4%), bleeding (6.6%), respiration difficulty (5.9%). This was all collected through emergency medical protocols injury and poisoning (22.3%), symptom (51.6%), others (26.1%). Conclusion: The results suggest that a specific training program for emergency medical dispatchers should be established, and emergency medical dispatcher managers must review the cases on the basis of emergency medical protocols every year. Emergency medical services, furthermore, will continue to raise the standard for emergency medical dispatching.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2020

In this study, a variable step algorithm is proposed on the basis of the perturb and observe method. The proposed algorithm can follow the maximum power point (MPP) quickly when solar irradiance changes rapidly. The proposed technique uses the voltage change characteristic at the MPP when the environment changes because of insolation or temperature. The MPP is tracked through the voltage control using a variable step method. This method determines the sudden change of solar irradiance by setting the threshold value and operates in fast tracking mode to track the MPP rapidly. When the operation point reaches the MPP, the mode switches to the variable step mode to minimize the steady state error. In addition, the output disturbance is decreased through the optimization of the control method design. The performance of the proposed MPPT algorithm is verified through simulation and experiment.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.311-314
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• 2018

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a form of neoplasm that origins from the epithelial surface of many organs. Ocular occurrence in small animals is rare, especially in the central cornea without the involvement of limbus or conjunctiva. In the current case, a 10-year-old, spayed female Shih-Tzu was presented with a central corneal mass. Through an ophthalmic examination the sign of corneal scarring around the mass was found. Pink fleshy lesion that protruded outward was removed through superficial keratectomy. The mass with the size of $8.5{\times}6.5$ millimeter was histopathologically diagnosed as corneal SCC infiltrating not only the epithelium, but also the superficial corneal stroma with surrounding superficial lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic chronic keratitis. Also, the adjacent, non-affected corneal epithelium was markedly hyperplastic and keratinized; the adjacent stroma was moderately vascularized and fibrotic. The pulse-dose therapy using 1% topical 5-flourouracil were applied for five cycles. The tumor has not recurred through nine months of follow-up time.