• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.348-353
• /
• 2015

The PEPS(Polar-coordinated Effective Plastic Strain) FLD(Forming Limit Diagram), a new type of FLD based on a polar representation of the EPS(Effective Plastic Strain), appears to be an effective solution to the problem of non-linear strain path effects. This method has the advantages of the familiar strain-based diagram for linear loading, but without the strain-hardening limitations of the stress-based diagram, or non-intuitive aspects of alternate Cartesian diagrams based on effective plastic strain. In the current study, the PEPS FLD was applied to the development process of an aluminum automobile-body panel, including the necking or crack prediction, die design, and die modification. As a result, the PEPS FLD provided improved formability of aluminum sheet as compared to deriving the potential formability with non-linearity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.475-486
• /
• 2013

This research is about design of slit type FLD which secure the buckling stability of compressive brace. 4 slit type and 8 slit type specimens were experimented by pure compressive loading. Comparing the experiment results with FEA results, the good correspondence is appeared each other. Also for deriving strength-displacement formular, an unit section of slit type FLD is transferred to idealized sandwich section. This formular explains satisfactorily experiment results, in given condition. The result of this research will be used as basic data in FLD design.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.3931-3936
• /
• 2015

Fatty liver disease (FLD) can be a precondition for other liver pathology including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been suggested in some studies to be a risk factor for FLD as well as cancers, including cholangiocellular carcinoma; however, there are currently very few studies on FLD in DM subjects, although the rate of FLD continues to increase annually. To determine the association between DM and FLD ultrasonographic data were analyzed from the Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), in northeast Thailand. DM was reported by the subjects based on the CASCAP health questionnaire. Factors that were associated with FLD were determined by prevalence, odds ratio (ORs) and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using multiple logistic regression. There were 45,263 subjects with a mean age of 53.46 (${\pm}9.25$) years. FLD was found in 36.3% of DM subjects but only in 20.7% of non-DM subjects. The association between DM and FLD was adjusted for all other factors including gender, age, education level, relatives diagnosed with CCA, smoking, alcohol consumption, and hepatitis B and C. The risk of DM in subjects having FLD was highly significant compared with the non-DM subjects (OR 2.13; 95%CI: 1.92 to 2.35; p-value < 0.001). Thus DM is significantly associated with FLD which in turn may facilitate the development of several diseases including CCA. DM should be taken into consideration in future ultrasonic investigations of FLD and CCA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
• /
• 2008.05a
• /
• pp.556-559
• /
• 2008

In this study, the failure in circular cup deep drawing simulation at warm temperature is predicted using forming limit diagram (FLD). The FLD is used in sheet metal forming analysis to determine the criterion for fracture prediction. The simulation with heat transfer of circular cup deep drawing at warm temperature was conducted. To predict the failure, the simulation with heat transfer used FLD at temperature in the vicinity of maximum thinning. The result of the simulation with heat transfer shows that the drawn depth increases with increasing temperature and is in accord with the experimental results above $150^{\circ}C$. The FLD provides a good guide for the failure prediction of warm forming simulation with heat transfer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.312-321
• /
• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the best method to analyze PAHs at extremely low concentrations. To this end, 16 PAHswere analyzed simultaneously by GC/MS, HPLC/FLD and HPLC/UVD, and the analytical characteristics of HPLC and GC/MS were compared. Methods: This study was conducted by GC/MS and HPLC/FLD/UVD, and evaluated linearity, precision and detection limit. Standard solutions were prepared for 21 samples in the range of $0.00001{\sim}1.0{\mu}g/mL$ and the samples were divided into four groups. All samples were made in three sets and analysis was replicated seven times. Results: Sixteen PAHs could be simultaneously separated by HPLC and GC/MS, and the adequate equipment was HPLC/FLD. The retention times by HPLC were shorter than GC/MS, and HPLC had better separation for most PAHs than GC/MS. The peaks of naphthalene and naphthalene-D8 partially overlapped for GC/MS. HPLC/FLD had a 20-2000 times lower limit of detection than GC/MS and UVD. However FLD was not adequate for analyzing acenaphthylene because it has too low a fluorescence quantum yield to be detected. The precision of HPLC/FLD/UVD and GC/MS showed less than 20% at $0.001{\mu}g/mL$ PAHs and when the concentration was higher, the coefficient of variation was decreased. HPLC/FLD was better for the overall detection of limits. Conclusions: The results indicate that the HPLC/FLD method has good linear range, precision and a detection of limits from $0.00001{\sim}0.0001{\mu}g/mL$ for all 16 PAHs. This study contributes to providing useful data for analysis technology and can be applied to occupational exposure measurement for PAHs in workplaces.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
• /
• 2000.09a
• /
• pp.435-438
• /
• 2000

본 논문에서는 웨이블렛에 기반한 FLD(Fisher Linear Discriminant) 방법을 제안한다. 본 논문은 얼굴인식에 대한 속도와 정확성을 다룬다. 128×128의 해상도를 가진 영상은 웨이블렛 변환을 통해 16×16의 부영상들로 분해된 후에, 저대역과 중대역에 해당하는 두 개의 부영상을 사용하여 학습과 인식을 한다. 실험 결과, 제안된 방법은 기존의 FLD 방법의 인식률을 유지하며, 보다 더 빠른 속도를 가진다. 우리의 실험에서는 약 6배의 속도 향상을 보인다.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.345-352
• /
• 2014

This study proposes a more comprehensive approach for FLD by analyzing the relationship of colorectal polyps, which are precursors of colorectal cancer. In Chi-Square tests of FLD and colorectal polyps, the prevalence of colorectal polyps was significantly high in cases of FLD. The polyps and correlation of each factor showed a positive relationship with all factors, and the correlation coefficient with FLD was highest (r = 0.39, p <.001). In multiple regression analysis, FLD(OR 3.80 95% CI 1.93.-7.50), FBS (OR 2.51; 95% CI 1.12-5.62), and older age (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.27-3.54) were independent risk factors for colorectal polyps. FLD was associated with the prevalence of colorectal polyps. These results show a meaningful influenceof FLD by ultrasonography in the occurrence of colorectal polyps, and that positive consideration of colonoscopy is needed for diagnosed FLD.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.402-411
• /
• 2023

Background: We hypothesized that fatty liver disease (FLD) is associated with a high prevalence of hearing loss (HL) owing to metabolic disturbances. This study aimed to evaluate the association between FLD and HL in a large sample of the Korean population. Methods: We used a dataset of adults who underwent routine voluntary health checkups (n=21,316). Fatty liver index (FLI) was calculated using Bedogni's equation. The patients were divided into two groups: the non-FLD (NFLD) group (n=18,518, FLI <60) and the FLD group (n=2,798, FLI ≥60). Hearing thresholds were measured using an automatic audiometer. The average hearing threshold (AHT) was calculated as the pure-tone average at four frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 kHz). HL was defined as an AHT of >40 dB. Results: HL was observed in 1,370 (7.4%) and 238 patients (8.5%) in the NFLD and FLD groups, respectively (p=0.041). Compared with the NFLD group, the odds ratio for HL in the FLD group was 1.16 (p=0.040) and 1.46 (p<0.001) in univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, respectively. Linear regression analyses revealed that FLI was positively associated with AHT in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Analyses using a propensity score-matched cohort showed trends similar to those using the total cohort. Conclusion: FLD and FLI were associated with poor hearing thresholds and HL. Therefore, active monitoring of hearing impairment in patients with FLD may be helpful for early diagnosis and treatment of HL in the general population.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
• /
• 2008.06a
• /
• pp.717-718
• /
• 2008

Fisher Linear Discriminant(FLD) is a sample and intuitive linear feature extraction method in pattern recognition. But in some special cases, such as un-separable case, one class data dispersed into several clustering case, FLD doesn't work well. In this paper, a new discriminant named K-means Fisher Linear Discriminant, which combines FLD with K-means clustering is proposed. It could deal with this case efficiently, not only possess FLD's global-view merit, but also K-means' local-view property. Finally, the simulation results also demonstrate its advantage against K-means and FLD individually.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.199-205
• /
• 2014

The current study examines the effect of the analytical parameter values on the theoretical forming limit diagram (FLD) based on the Marciniak-Kuczynski model (M-K model). Tensile tests were performed to obtain stress-strain curves and determine the anisotropic properties in the rolling, transverse and diagonal direction of SPCC sheet materials. The experimental forming limit curve for SPCC sheet material was obtained by limiting dome stretching tests. To predict the theoretical FLD based on the M-K model, the Hosford 79 yield function was employed. The effects of three analytical parameters - the exponent of the yield function, the initial imperfection parameter and the fracture criterion parameter - on the M-K model, were examined and the results of the theoretical FLD were compared to the experimentally measured FLD. It was found that the various analytical parameters should be carefully considered to reasonably predict the theoretical FLD. The comparison of the acceptable forming limit area between the theoretical and experimental FLD is used to compare the two diagrams.