• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1473-1477
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• 2007

Four-and-a-half LIM-only protein 3 (FHL3) is a member of the LIM protein superfamily and can participate in mediating protein-protein interaction by binding one another through their LIM domains. In this study, the 5'- and 3'- cDNA ends were characterized by RACE (Rapid Amplification of the cDNA Ends) methodology in combination with in silico cloning based on the partial cDNA sequence obtained. Bioinformatics analysis showed FHL3 protein contained four LIM domains and four LIM zinc-binding domains. In silico mapping assigned this gene to the gene cluster MTF1-INPP5B-SF3A3-FHL3-CGI-94 on pig chromosome 6 where several QTL affecting intramuscular fat and eye muscle area had previously been identified. Transcription of the FHL3 gene was detected in spleen, liver, kidney, small intestine, skeletal muscle, fat and stomach, with the greatest expression in skeletal muscle. The A/G polymorphism in exon II was significantly associated with birth weight, average daily gain before weaning, drip loss rate, water holding capacity and intramuscular fat in a Landrace-derived pig population. Together, the present study provided the useful information for further studies to determine the roles of FHL3 gene in the regulation of skeletal muscle cell growth and differentiation in pigs.

• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.11
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• pp.605-610
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• 2020

Skeletal myogenesis is a complex process that is finely regulated by myogenic transcription factors. Recent studies have shown that saturated fatty acids (SFA) can suppress the activation of myogenic transcription factors and impair the myogenic differentiation of progenitor cells. Despite the increasing evidence of the roles of miRNAs in myogenesis, the targets and myogenic regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs are largely unknown, particularly when myogenesis is dysregulated by SFA deposition. This study examined the implications of SFA-induced miR-183-5p on the myogenic differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts. Long-chain SFA palmitic acid (PA) drastically reduced myogenic transcription factors, such as myoblast determination protein (MyoD), myogenin (MyoG), and myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C), and inhibited FHL1 expression and myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts, accompanied by the induction of miR-183-5p. The knockdown of FHL1 by siRNA inhibited myogenic differentiation of myoblasts. Interestingly, miR-183-5p inversely regulated the expression of FHL1, a crucial regulator of skeletal myogenesis, by targeting the 3'UTR of FHL1 mRNA. Furthermore, the transfection of miR-183-5p mimic suppressed the expression of MyoD, MyoG, MEF2C, and MyHC, and impaired the differentiation and myotube formation of myoblasts. Overall, this study highlights the role of miR-183-5p in myogenic differentiation through FHL1 repression and suggests a novel miRNA-mediated mechanism for myogenesis in a background of obesity.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.148-152
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• 2008

Purpose : To find the MR findings and evaluate the usefulness of MR in flexor hallucis longus(FHL) dysfunction. Materials and Methods : From 1992 to 2003, fourty patients were found to have surgically confirmed FHL dysfunction. 24 cases of 22 patients who had performed MR were included in this study. We analyzed the signal intensity of FHL tendon and muscle, tendon sheath, sheath effusion, and bone lesions, retrospectively. Results : Non-specific, increased sheath effusion of FHL tendon was seen in 12 cases (50%). Large amount of sheath effusion(grade 3) was observed in 5 cases (21%). The signal intensity of FHL tendon was normal in all cases. High signal intensity at the FHL muscle, proximal to musculotendinous junction was seen in 1 case (4%). One case (4%) of marrow edema of the talus and another one case (4%) of osteochondritis dissecans of the talus was seen. Conclusion : Non-specific, increased sheath effusion of FHL tendon was observed on MR in FHL dysfunction patients. Therefore, MR has a limited role in diagnosis of FHL dysfunction and is useful to exclude other bone and tendon diseases causing medial ankle pain.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.294-301
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• 2013

Purpose: To report the clinical outcomes and complications of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendoscopy using 3 portals. Materials and Methods: Between January 2012 and April 2013, 10 patients (10 ankles) received tendoscopic surgery for the treatment of FHL tenosynovitis. Patients complaining of pain and tenderness along the course of FHL despite over 6 months of conservative treatments were indicated for surgery. The mean age was 41.7 years (range: 18-57) and the follow up period was 12.7 months (range: 6-20). Tendoscopy was performed using posteromedial, posterolateral, and plantar portals. Clinical evaluations included preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS), American orthopaedic foot and ankle society (AOFAS) score, and patients' satisfaction. Results: Tendoscopic findings included tenosynovitis in 10 cases, degenerated vinculae in 6 cases, stenosis of the tendon at its entrance into the fibro-osseous tunnel in 5 cases, and degenerative partial tendon tear in 3 cases. Two cases had associated symptomatic os trigonum and 3 cases had posterior ankle impingement syndrome. Preoperative pain decreased from median VAS 6 (range: 4-10) to 2.1 (range: 1-5) at the last follow up and AOFAS score improved from 50.1 (range: 36-63) to 82.1 (range: 61-89) (p<0.05). Nine patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the outcome. Injury of the lateral plantar nerve occurred in one case. Conclusion: FHL tendoscopy using 3 portals is a feasible and useful minimal invasive surgical technique for the management of FHL tenosynovitis.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of the old Achilles tendon rupture treated with modified flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon transfer. Materials and Methods: Seventeen patients with old Achilles tendon rupture treated with modified FHL tendon transfer between March 2004 and February 2008 were enrolled in this study. Technically FHL was pass through the distal portion of the ruptured tendon instead of the drilled hole made on the calcaneus. The mean age of the patients was 37 years (range, 22~67 years), mean follow-up period was 28 months (range, 12~30 months). Patients' subjective satisfaction, calf circumferential diameter, range of motion of ankle and AOFAS ankle-hind foot score and Arner-Lidholm score was evaluated. Results: The average gap between the ruptured tendon was 52 mm (range, 47~56 mm). The AOFAS score improved from 47 pre-operatively to 91 points at the last follow-up. Sixteen patients were satisfied with the result free from discomfort, a patient had mild discomfort who had DM. fourteen patients had decreased range of motion less than 5 degrees while 2 patients had more than 7 degrees decrease compared to the intact side but had no discomfort in daily activities. Nine patients had less than 1 cm calf circumferential diameter difference and 7 patients had 1 to 3 cm diameter difference compared to the intact side. One who had more than 3 cm diameter difference had deteriorated muscle strength. Conclusion: Modified FHL tendon transfer can be a useful technique for the treatment of old Achilles tendon rupture when the gap is with large gap placed too proximal.

• Anatomy & Biological Anthropology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.61-65
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• 2017

This report describes a variation of the tendinous slip of the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) for the great toe. In addition, compositions of the long flexor tendons for all five toes were examined. The tendons of the FDL in the foot were investigated in 66 specimens of embalmed Korean adult cadavers. The tendons of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and the FDL with the lumbrical muscles were cut at the calcaneus and the metatarsophalangeal joints and were removed en bloc specifically to observe the FDL and the FHL tendons of the great toe. The tendinous slip of the FDL for the great toe was found bilaterally in the foot of a 52-year-old male. Its prevalence was two of 66 specimens (3.0%). The tendinous slip of the FDL for the great toe passed forward the great toe, and it constituted the superficial portion of the long flexor tendon for the great toe. The tendon of the FHL passed forward to constitute the deep portion of the long flexor tendon for the great toe. Thus, both the tendinous slip of the FDL and the tendon of the FHL composed the long flexor tendon for the great toe. The tendinous slip of the FDL and the tendon of the FHL for the great toe were similar in thickness; thus, each tendinous slip of the FDL and the tendon of the FHL were approximately one-half of the long flexor tendon for the great toe in thickness. The present study demonstrated an anatomical variation of the interconnection between the FHL and the FDL tendons, which will be useful for various surgeries and biomechanical research.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1452-1456
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• 2016

Overexpression of the genes encoding phosphoeneolpyruvate carboxykinase (pckA) and NAD-dependent malic enzyme (maeA) facilitates higher intracellular ATP and NAD(P)H concentrations, respectively, under aerobic conditions in Escherichia coli. To verify a hypothesis that higher intracellular energy reserves might contribute to H₂ fermentation, wild-type E. coli strains overexpressing pckA and maeA were cultured under anaerobic conditions in a glucose minimal medium. Overexpression of pckA and maeA enabled E. coli to produce 3-times and 4-times greater H₂ (193 and 284 nmol, respectively) than the wild type (66 nmol H₂). The pckA and maeA genes were further overexpressed in a hydrogenase-3-enhanced E. coli strain. The hydrogenase-3-enhanced strain (W3110+fhlA) produced 322 nmol H₂, whereas the ATP-enhanced strain (W3110+fhlA+pckA) produced 50% increased H₂ (443 nmol). Total H₂ in the NAD(P)H-enhanced strain (W3110+fhlA+maeA) was similar to that in the control strain at 319 nmol H₂. Possible explanations for the contribution of the increased cellular energy reserves to the enhanced hydrogen fermentation observed are discussed based on the viewpoint of metabolic engineering strategy.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.49-55
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• 2011

Purpose : The aim of this study was to identify of bilateral trunk rotation(BTR) exercise and PNF exercise on gait in the individuals with malalignment syndrome. Methods : Subjects were 32 that were divided 2 groups in 20's generation. Interventions were trunk ratation exercise and PNF exercise. We used Medex for trunk rotation exercise. BTR group received exercise for three-sets (10min/set) along with stretching exercise ten-minutes, 3 times per week. PNF group took turns the D1 pattern in upper extremity and the D1 pattern in the opposite side of lower extremity for three-sets (10min/set). The measurement were force metatarsal 1 (FM 1), impulse metatarsal 1 (IM 1), force heel lat (FHL), impulse heel lat (IHL) by using footscan (RS scan). Statistical method was repeated measurement of ANOVA and p value was 0.05. Results : BTR and PNF group were significantly different in time(FM 1, IM 1, FHL, IHL). As different of right/left, BTR and PNF exercise were significantly different in FM 1, IM 1, FHL. Conclusion : BTR exercise was good exercise for malalignment but needs expensive equipment, for example, Medex. PNF exercise doesn't need expensive equipment but good method in malalignment syndrome person for gait ability. If PNF exercise is more experiment, PNF exercise could use variety for more patients.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of neglected Achilles tendon rupture treated with reconstruction and augmentation with flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon using one incision technique. Materials and Methods: Between July 2006 and March 2008, eleven patients with neglected Achilles tendon rupture received surgical treatment. Through one incision technique, augmentation with auto FHL tendon transfer was performed using a Bio-Interference screw (Arthrex, Naples, FL) and followed by V-Y advancement (5 cases) or gastronemius fascial turn-down flap procedure (6 cases). After mean follow up of 20.7 months (range, 11.8-33.3 weeks), clinical outcomes were evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, 10 repetitive double heel raise test, 10 repetitive single heel raise test and subjective satisfaction. Results: The length of the gap after debridement was $5.4{\pm}2.0$ cm. The VAS improved from $4.1{\pm}0.9$ to $1.5{\pm}0.8$ at last follow up (p<0.05). The AOFAS score increased from $38.9{\pm}12.2$ to $91.5{\pm}8.9$ at last follow up (p<0.05). Eight patients were satisfied with excellent results and three were satisfied with good results. All patients were able to perform 10 repetitive double heel raise and nine out of eleven patients were able to perform 10 repetitive single heel raise at last follow up. There were no complications including deep infection or re-rupture. Conclusion: Augmentation with FHL tendon transfer and reconstruction with V-Y advancement or turn-down flap through one incision technique appeared to be effective and safe. This technique is recommendable for the treatment of neglected Achilles tendon rupture.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2002

Purpose: The purposes of the present study were to find the ideal insertion position syndesmosis screw and relation to the surrounding anatomical structures when indirectly inserting the screw anteriorly at a 30 angle at 3 cm proximal portion of the ankle join t. Materials and Methods: We performed computed tomography from the axial view in 20 normal individuals at 3 cm proximal portion of the ankle joint and divided the lateral side of the fibula into 4 sections. We drew a line from the middle of each of these 4 sections to the posterolateral tibia at a 30 angle and determined the relationship between each of these lines and the surrounding anatomical structures and confirmed the site at which each of these 4 lines passed through the posterolateral tibia which divided into 3 sections and the site of the fibula at which each of these lines passed through the middle 1/3 portion of the tibia. Results: The posterior 3/4 portion of the fibula that passed through the middle 1/3 portion of the posterolateral tibia in 18 cases. The portion did not approach the surrounding anatomical structures(Peroneal vessels and the muscular portion of FHL). Conclusion: The ideal insertion position of syndesmosis screw at 3 cm proximal portion of the ankle joint at a 30 angle is the posterior 3/4 portion of the lateral side of the fibula, and injury to the surrounding anatomical structures could be avoided when the screw passes through the middle 1/3 portion of the posterolateral tibia.