• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.567-570
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• 2004

We have designed a single gap transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) driven by a fringe electric field, in which the LCs are homogeneously aligned in the initial state. In the reflective and transmissive areas, the degrees of the rotation of the LC director are $22.5^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$, respectively. Utilizing this mechanism and an in-cell retarder with a quarter-wave plate that is used below the LC layer, the transflective LCD using fringe-field switching (FFS) mode is realized.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2004

본 연구의 목적은 숙련된 골프선수들의 골프 스윙동작 시 상이한 무게중심 변환 형태가 존재하는지 그리고 만약 이 상이한 무게중심 변환 형태가 존재한다면 어떤 형태로 나타나는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 본 실험을 위해 13명의 남자 대학 엘리트 골프 선수들을 대상으로 드라이버를 이용한 스윙을 실시하게 하였다. 수직 지면 반력과 압력중심 이동 패턴을 측정하기 위해 지면반력기 2대와 스윙 동작 시 critical event 설정을 위해 1대의 고감도 비디오 카메라를 사용하였다. 또한 스윙 결과로 나타나는 비거리, 클럽헤드 속도를 측정하기 위해 스윙 분석기를 이용하였다. 피험자 간 상호 비교를 위해 측정된 수직 지면반력 성분은 몸무게를 이용하여 표준화하였고 압력중심은 어드레스시의 압력중심을 원점으로 재 계산하였다. 또한 임팩트 시 측정된 좌우 수직 지면반력 성분을 이용하여 두 가지의 상이한 스윙 스타일로 구분하였다. 연구결과 8명(62%)의 피험자에게서 좌측 수직력 성분이 상대적으로 높은 전족(FFS) 스타일임이 밝혀졌고 5명(38%)은 그 반대인 리버스(RFS) 스타일임이 밝혀졌다. 이 전족 스타일은 대부분의 골퍼들이 선호하고 또 그렇게 하여야만 한다고 믿고 있는 스윙방식이다. 이와 반대인 리버스 스타일은 코치들이 금기시 하는 스윙의 형태로서 초보자, 즉 비숙련 자에게만 나타나는 전형적인 스윙형태라고 인지되고 있다. 하지만 이 두 가지 스윙 스타일이 초보자가 아닌 숙련된 골프 선수들에게서도 실제 존재한다는 것이 본 실험 결과로 나타났다. 평균 압력중심 이동 패턴은 전후축 방향의 경우 RFS 스타일 그룹이 RFS 스타일 그룹에 비해 압력중심 이동이 크게 나타났고 좌우축의 경우에도 RFS 그룹이 FFS 그룹에 비해 압력중심 이동이 크게 나타났다. 특히 임팩트 시 압력중심의 위치가 FFS 그룹은 전족 근처에 있는 반면 RFS 그룹은 후족(rear foot)에 위치하여 두 스윙 스타일의 차이점을 분명하게 보여주었다. 따라서 비록 이 RFS 스타일이 대부분의 코칭 이론과는 상반되는 무게중심 이동 패턴을 보여주었지만 이 스윙 스타일이 잘못된 것이 아닌 실제 존재하는 하나의 스윙 스타일로 인식하여 스윙 지도 시 이에 알맞은 적절한 교습법을 마련해야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.347-353
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• 2001

Objectives : To determine the impacts of Diagnosis-Related Groups/Prospective Payment System (DRG/PPS) on the quality of care in cases of Cesarean section and to describe the policy implications for the early stabilization of DRG/PPS in Korea. Methods : Data was collected from the medical records of 380 patients who had undergone Cesarean sections in 40 hospitals participating in the DRG/PPS Demonstration Program since 1999. Cesarean sections were peformed in 122 patients of the FFS(Fee-For-Service) group and 258 patients of the DRG/PPS group. Measurements of quality used included essential tests of pre- and post-operation, and the PPI(Physician Performance Index) score. The PPI was developed by two obstetricians. Results : Univariate analysis demonstrated significant differences in PPI scores according to the payment systems. With respect to the mean of PPI scores, a higher score was found in the DRG/PPS group than in the FFS group. However, the adjusted effect did not show significant differences between the FFS group and the DRG/PPS group. Conclusion : This study suggested that the problem of poor quality may not be related to the implementation of DRG/PPS in Cesarean section. However, this study did not consider the validity and reliability of the process measurement, and it did not exclude the possibility of data emission in medical records.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.6D
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• pp.779-784
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• 2011

Freeway FFS (Free-Flow Speed) under the state of LOS (Level of Service) A has been regarded as a homogeneous state to all levels of traffic volume. The features of low-density FFS is served as the basic data for a decision on limited maximal speed, accident analysis, simulation modeling etc. A few researches for the macroscopic characteristics of design and operation speed have been reported, and any study for the microscopic features of freeway free-flow speed under the state of low density has not been done. Therefore, the characteristics of low-density FFS according to the level of traffic volume (1-3 veh/30 sec) and daily hour periods (0-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-19, 20-23) is microscopically analyzed in this study with huge volume and speed data. It was found that speed distributions are changed and show different behaviors under the conditions of traffic volume levels and daily time periods. V85s (85th percentile speed) at early morning and night periods decrease when levels of traffic volume increase, whereas V85s at day time do not show considerable differences. Especially, FFSs of levels of traffic volume at early morning and night periods, despite low density, is analyzed as heterogeneity, but homogeneity at day time.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 2009

To improve the functional and organoleptic properties of the fermented soymilk with Bacillus subtilis 2829PNU015 which has chungkukjang like flavor, functional materials from the edible plant extracts with well-known health promoting effects were examined by fibrinolytic activity and sensory evaluation. Among five samples such as Corni fructus, garlic, purple sweet potato, aged garlic, and pumpanini were tested, Corni fructus showed the highest fibrinolytic activity. The appearance and taste of the fermented soymilk (FS) was varied to the amount of Corni fructus added, and the highest acceptability of FS was observed from FS containing 1% Corni fructus extracts ($10^{\circ}$Brix) in it. Best way of applying Corni fructus to the fermented soymilk (FFS) was found to be incubating the mixture of soymilk and Corni fructus with Bacillus subtilis. FFS demonstrated dose dependent radical scavenging activities and these activities were found to be higher than those of FS at designated concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.424-430
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• 2004

This paper explains the construction of the filesystems which could be utilized in embedded systems as an implementation of ubiquitous computing. It includes the formal architecture of filesystem hierarchy for the DOC (Disk-On-Chip) filesystem and the flash filesystem based on the MTD (Memory Technology Devices). For DOC, the root filesystem and the user filesystem are constructed by the TrueFFS supported by the M-Systems. For MTD filesystem, the root filesystem is implemented in the fast RAM disk, and the user filesystem is implemented in the JFFS2 that supports large capacity. In order to support the GUI filesystem, the porting process of Qt/E is also included in this paper.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.175-179
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• 2009

As the physical properties of nematic liquid crystals vary with respect to temperature, the performances of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are highly dependent on temperature. Additionally, it is well known that the electro-optic characteristics of LCDs, such as transmittance and threshold voltage, also rely on the LCD switching modes. The temperature dependence of the electro-optic characteristics of the wide-viewing-angle LCD modes, such as in-plane switching (IPS), multidomain vertical alignment by patterned electrode (PVA), and fringe-field switching (FFS), have been studied, and the results showed that the FFS mode has lower temperature dependence compared to the IPS and PVA modes. Since the liquid crystal (LC) reorients in different ways in each mode, this result is associated with the temperature dependence of LC's bend and twist elastic constants, and also with the position of the main reorientation, either in the middle or on the surface of the LC layer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.914-922
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• 2003

The FFS (fringe-field switching) mode was known to exhibit both a wide viewing angle and high transmittance, especially when using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy. We have studied cell gap-dependent electrode-optic characteristics of the FFS mode using the LC with negative dielectric anisotropy. In case of a small cell gap of 2 ${\mu}$m, the transmittance at the center of pixel and common electrodes is relatively low because effect of surface anchoring that holds the LC to the initial state is larger than that in a large cell gap of 4 .urn such that the LCs in those regions cannot rotate enough. However, in case of a large cell gap of 4 .urn, the effect of surface anchoring becomes relatively small so that the LCs at the center of pixel and common electrode can be twisted enough by applied voltage, giving rise to high transmittance. Therefore, we can conclude that the light efficiency is dependent on the cell gap.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical decision making (CDM) development process throughout the comparison between novice and expert physical therapist as well as develop a CDM model for physical therapists under the fee-for-service (FFS) and physicians' prescriptions. Methods: Purposive sampling techniques were used to select 10 clinical physical therapists paired into five groups (each pair consisted of 1 novice and 1 expert physical therapist). The coding schemes were extracted from interviews and through within- and across-case analyses, cases were summarized. The reliability of coding schemes was confirmed by checking of case summaries by the participants. Results: Novice and expert physical therapists were influenced by two themes, internalized theme and external forces or information. Novice clinicians depended more on external forces or information. Although clinicians should care patients under the FFS and physician's prescription, expert clinicians were more likely to rely on internalized knowledge. Conclusion: The findings of the present study may be used by educators or association officials enhance CDM abilities and knowledge pools of student or novices as well as develop a guide to suitable novices or students under the specific context limiting the development of their CDM.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.711-717
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• 2007

In this study, two cell types from porcine females, namely fetal fibroblasts (pFFs) and adult ear fibroblasts (pAEFs) and two passages (3-4 and 7-8) were investigated by evaluating the development rate, blastocyst cell number and the incidence of apoptosis. No significant differences were observed in the cleavage rates of cloned and IVF embryos. The blastocyst rates between the embryos cloned with pFFs ($15.1{\pm}3.2$) and pAEFs ($10.4{\pm}2.6$) did not differ significantly but was significantly (p<0.05) lower in pAEFs than that in IVF ($22.5{\pm}4.5$) embryos. Total cell number in pFFs ($28.4{\pm}4.3$) and pAEFs cloned blastocysts ($24.2{\pm}5.1$) was significantly (p<0.05) lesser than IVF control ($35.4{\pm}3.2$). Apoptosis rates between cloned blastocysts differed significantly (p<0.05) and were significantly (p<0.05) higher than IVF embryos. The blastocyst rates between the cloned embryos cloned with different cell passages did not differ significantly but in embryos cloned with 7-8 cell passage was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the IVF control. Apoptosis signals were detected in IVF and cloned embryos as early as day 3 and the rates of apoptosis increased concurrently with the embryo development. In conclusion, high apoptosis during in vitro preimplantation development resulted in low development rate and total cell number of cloned embryos. Moreover, based on the apoptotic incidence in cloned blastocysts, fetal fibroblasts are more suitable for production of cloned embryos in porcine.