• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.388-393
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• 1982

우리나라에서 재배 수확한 6쪽 및 여러쪽 마늘을 클로로포름-메탄올-물(1.0 : 2.0 : 0.8)의 용매로 추출한 지방질의 조성을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 시료 마늘중의 총지방질의 함량은 신선물 100g 중 $310{\sim}342mg$였으며, 이중 중성지질은 $36.4{\sim}43.5%$, 당지질은 $20.3{\sim}24.3%$, 인지질은 $36.2{\sim}39.3%$이였다. 2. 중성지질중에는 TG가 가장 함량이 많았고(중성지질의 $80.5{\sim}83.6%$), 그 외에 SE, FS, FFA와 잠정적으로 동정한 1,3-DGA, 1,2-DGA, CA가 부성분으로 존재하였다. 3. 당지질중에는 ESG와 SG가 전체 당지질의 70%을 차지하는 주요성분이었고, 그 외에 DGDG, MGDG, CB, SL가 부성분으로 존재하였다. 4. 인지질중에는 PC와 PS 및 PE가 전체 인지질의 85%을 차지하는 주요성분이었고 그 외에 PI, PA가 부성분으로 존재하였다. 5. 총지방질 및 각 지방질 획분의 지방산 조성은 다같이 리놀레산, 팔미트산, 올레산, 리놀렌산이였다. 그러나 당지질 획분은 중성지질 및 인지질 획분보다 리놀레산의 함량이 적고, 중성지질 획분보다 팔미트산의 함량이 많으며 중성지질 및 인지질 획분은 당지질 획분보다 리놀렌산의 함량이 적었다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2003

Carnitine, hydroxycitric acid, and soy peptide have been known to be anti-obesity agents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of carnitine, hydroxycitric acid, and soy peptide mixture as a potential anti-obesity supplement in overweight women. Overweight premenopausal women (n=33; PIBW>110; 20 to 39 years) were randomized into two groups: the placebo group and the functional beverage group (the test group). Functional beverage was composed of 2000 mg soy peptide, 20 mg L-carnitine and 300 mg garcinia(40% hydroxycitric acid). Body weight and 3 day food dimes, biochemical measurements and computerized tomography were measured at baseline and 8-week. After 8-week consumption of functional beverage with usual diet and exercise, body weight fell an average of 1.4 kg (2.1%). Visceral fat area reduced an average of 7.8% at L1($69.6{\pm}8.7\;vs\;64.2{\pm}7.5\;\textrm{cm}^2$) and 5.1% ($60.7{\pm}4.9\;vs\;57.6{\pm}4.8\;\textrm{cm}^2$, p<0.05) at L4level after weight loss in the test group. Calf fat area in the test group showed about 10% reduction ($31.0{\pm}2.7\;vs=\;27.7{\pm}1.7\;\textrm{cm}^2$, p<0.05) after weight loss. These reductions in fat areas were not shown in the placebo group. There were tendencies of increase in serum levels of $\beta-hydroxybutyrate$, acetoacetate, and total ketones in the test group. There were 7% and 17% insignificant increase in fasting free fatty acid (FFA) and response area of FFA during oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT), respectively, in this group. ill addition, little weight loss in the test group showed 8% but not significant reduction in insulin response area during OGTT. In conclusion, this study shows that taking a mixture of carnitine, hydroxycitric acid, and soy peptide as a potential anti-obesity supplement for 8-week produced advantageous changes in the weight and visceral fat accumulation of overweight women.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.350-363
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• 1987

마치종(馬齒種) 6개 품종(品種) 옥수수의 총지질(總脂質), 중성지질(中性脂質)및 극성지질(極性脂質)을 구성(構成)하는 지질성분(脂質成分), 지방산조성(脂肪酸組成) 그리고 총지질(總質)의 sterol조성(組成)을 GLC, TLC, TLC-scanner 및 column chromatography를 이용(利用)하여 정량(定量)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1) 옥수수의 총지질(總脂質)은 $3.7{\sim}5.3%$의 함량분포(舍量分布)를 보여 평균(平均) 4.7%였다. 2) 총지질(總脂質)의 구성지질성분(構成脂質成分)은 TG, FFA, lano-sterol. hydrocarbon & ES 그리고 PL & Pigment를 함유(含有)하며, TG는 제천옥(堤川玉)과 황옥(黃玉)3호(號)에서 다소(多少) 높았다. 3) 총지질(總脂質)의 지방산조성(脂肪酸組成)은 linoleic, oleic 그리고 palmitic acid가 주성분(主成分)을 이루고, 제천옥(堤川玉)에서는 linoleic acid가 가장 높은 반면에, oleic과 palmitic acid는 가장 낮게 나타났다. 4) 총지질(總脂質)의 불험화물(不驗化物)은 $2.0{\sim}2.7%$의 함량분포(含量分布)를 보였고, 진주옥(晋州玉)에서 다소(多少) 높게 나타났다. 4-desmethylsterol조성(組成)은 sitosterol, campesterol 그리고 stigmasterol이 주성분(主成分)을 이루고, 진주옥(晋州玉)에서 sitosterol이 가장 높게 나타났다. 한편, 4-monomethylsterol조성(組成)은 obtusifoliol, gramisterol 그리고 citrostadienol이 주성분(主成分)을 이루고, 광옥(光玉)과 진주옥(晋州玉)에서 obtusifoliol과 citrostadlenol이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 5) 총지질(總脂質)을 구성(構成)하는 중성지질(中性脂質)의 함량(合量)은 수원(水原)19호(號), 광옥(光玉), 구성옥(橫城玉) 그리고 진주옥(晋州玉)이 제천옥(堤川玉)과 황옥(黃玉)3호(號)보다 높게 나타났으며, 당지질(糖脂質)과 순지질(燐脂質)은 이와 반대(反對) 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 6) 중성지질(中性脂質)의 구성지질성분(構成脂質成分)은 TG, lanosterol, cholesterol, FFA 그리고 ES가 주성분(主成分)을 이루고있었다. 7) 중성지질(中性脂質)의 지방산조성(脂肪酸組成)은 linoleic, oleic그리고 palmitic acid가 주성분(主成分)을 이루고, 수원(水原)19호(號)와 제천옥(堤川玉)에서는 linoleic acid가 가장 높게 나타났다. 8) 당지질(糖脂質)의 구성지질성분(構成脂質成分)은 MGS, MGC 그리고 MGDG를 함유(含有)하며, MGS와 MGC는 진주옥(晋州玉)에서 가장 높은 반면에, 횡성옥(橫城玉)과 제천옥(堤川玉)에서는 가장 낮게 나타났다. 9) 총지질(脂質)의 지방산조성(脂肪酸組成)은 oleic, palmitic, linoleic그리고 heptadecanoic acid가 주성분(主成分)을이루고, 진주옥(晋州玉)에서 oleic acid가 가장 높은 반면에 heptadecanoic acid는 가장 낮게 나타났고, 제천옥(堤川玉)에서는 이와 반대(反對) 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 10) 순지질(燐脂質)의 구성지질성분(構成脂質成分)은 PI 및 PC를 함유(舍有)하며, 횡성옥(橫城玉)과 황옥(黃玉) 3호(號)에서 PI가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 11) 순지질(燐脂質)의 지방산조성(脂肪酸組成)은 palmitic, heptadecanoic 그리고 oleic acid가 주성분(主成分)을 이루고, 횡성옥(橫城玉)에서 oleic acid가 가장 높은 반면에, heptadecanoic acid는 가장 낮게 나타났다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.442-450
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• 1995

This study determined plasma glucose, free fatty acid(ffa), epinephrine, norepinephrine, creatine the phosphokinase(CPK), calcium (Ca), magnesium(Mg) and hydroxyproline, Ca and Mg in the heart muscle. Thirty six male Sprague Dawley rats average weighing 110g divided into two diet group : normal Mg group(0.05% Mg), Marginal Mg group(0.005% Mg). After the rats were on experimental diets for 2 weeks, rats for each group were randomly assigned to stress and no stress group and 30 minutes IMMB stress was administered to stress group every day for two weeks. The following were found : 1) Rats fed normal magnesium diet showed decreased plasma glucose and non signficant change in norepinephrine and CPK with IMMB stress, while magnesium deficient rats showed elevated plasma glucose, norepinephrine and CPK with stress. 2) Myocardial hydroxyproline and plasma epinephrine were not significantly different among groups. 3) In the rats fed adequate magnesium, stress increased plasma magnesium while rats on marginal magnesium diet did not show significant change with stress. 4) Plasma and myocardial calcium were increased in rats fed marginal Mg diet, but did not show any significant difference with stress.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2008

The results of recent studies indicate that high levels of free fatty acids(FFAs) and adipokines may be the main causes of non-alcoholic liver disease; however, the molecular mechanism that links FFAs to lipotoxicity remains unclear. In the present study, we treated HepG2 cells with FFA(either palmitate or oleate) to investigate the mechanisms involved in lipotoxicity in the liver cells. We also treated cells with palmitate in the presence of a chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid(PBA), to confirm the involvement of ER stress in lipotoxicity. Palmitate significantly induced cytotoxicity in dose- and time-dependent manners. Apoptosis was also significantly induced by palmitate as measured by caspase-3 activity and DAPI staining. Palmitate led to increased expressions of the spliced form of X-box-protein(Xbp)-1 mRNA and C/EBP homologous transcription factor(CHOP) protein, suggesting activation of the unfolded-protein response. PBA co-incubation significantly attenuated apoptosis induced by palmitate. The above data demonstrate that high levels of palmitate induce apoptosis via the mediation of ER stress in the liver cells and that chemical chaperones act to modulate ER stress and accompanying apoptosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.921-926
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• 1989

The Free fatty acid [FFA] induced massive erythrocyte crenation has been reported in patients undergoing extracorporeal circulation[EGG], suggesting that the crenated cells impair microcirculatory flow and tissue oxygenation during and after the operation. Effect of albumin administration on erythrocyte crenation was examined in 24patients undergoing open heart surgery at the department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery in the Kyung Hee University Medical Center Between January, 1989 and August, 1989: 8 patients of 24 patients [group A] were given 50 gm albumin, another 8 patients of 24 patients [group B] were g en 26 gm of albumin and the other 8 patients of 24 patients [group C] were not given any albumin as a part of the priming solution. Erythrocyte crenation was almost completely prevented in the patients given 50 gm albumin. Crenated erythrocytes d urging ECC were 3.6* 0.4 % [mean\ulcornerD] of all erythrocytes and 3.1*0.6% after ECC. This was significantly lower than in patients without albumin administration [64.2*9.5% during ECC and 28.7*1.9% after ECC]. But the effect was less striking in the patients given 25 gm albumin, 37.8* 12.0 % during ECC and 27.8*3.9 % after ECC. Maintaining an adequate level of plasma albumin is important in preventing erythrocyte crenation during ECC, improving microcirculatory flow in patients undergoing open heart surgery.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.419-427
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• 1985

삿갓이 완전히 펴진 표고버섯의 부위별(別)에 따른 지질(脂質)의 특성(特性)과, 삿갓이 펴지지 않은 표고버섯의 건조방법(乾燥方法)에 따른 지질(脂質)의 변화(變化)를 연구(硏究)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 삿갓이 펴진 표고버섯의 삿갓부위(部位)의 총지질(總脂質) 함량(含量)은 4.58%이었고 자루부위(部位)는 2.6%이었으며 거의 대부분(大部分)이 중성지질(中性脂質)$(46.7{\sim}48.8%)$과 연지질(憐脂質)$(42.0{\sim}43.8%)$로 구성되어 있었으며 탕지질(糖脂質)은 적었다$(9.2{\sim}9.5%)$. 2. 중성지질(中性脂質)의 주요성분(主要成分)은 tryacylglycerol이었고 연지질(憐脂質)은 phosphatidyl ethanolamine이었다. 또한 지질산(脂質酸)의 조성(組成)은 각지질(各脂質) 및 부위(部位)에 따라 현격하게 달랐으며 $C_{18:2},\;C_{16:1}$ 및 $C_{18:1}$ 지방산(脂肪酸) 순(順)으로 함유(含有)되어 있었다. 3. 삿갓이 펴지지 않은 표고버섯의 총지질(總脂質)은 2.5%(자루)${\sim}3.7%$(삿갓)이었고 총지질함량(總脂質含量), 과산화물가(過酸化物價) 및 카아보닐價(價)는 건조방법(乾燥方法)에 따른 차이(差異)를 보이지 않았으며 총지질(總脂質)의 산가(酸價)는 일건시료(日乾試料)가 생시료(生試料) 및 열풍건조시료(熱風乾燥試料) 보다 약간 낮았으나 일건시료(日乾試料) 중(中)의 중성지질함량(中性脂質含量)은 다른 시료(試料)보다 높았다. 4. 가장 많은 部分을 차지한 중성(中性) 및 연지질(憐脂質)의 주요성분(主要成分)의 삿갓이 완전히 펴진 표고버섯과 같았고 탕지질(糖脂質)은 digalactosyldiglycerol이었으며 일건시료(日乾試料)의 연지질중(憐脂質中) phosphatidiyl ethanolamine과 phosphatidyl choline함량은 생시료(生試料) 및 열풍건조시료(熱風乾燥試料)보다 낮았다. 5. 모든 건조시료의 각(各) 지질(脂質) 중(中)의 주요(主要) 지방산조성은 삿갓이 펴진 시료의 경우와 비슷하였고 일건시료(日乾試料)의 $C_{18:2}$ 지방산(脂肪酸)함량은 다른 시료보다 높은 반면 $C_{16:0}$ 지방산은 낮았다. 한편일건시료 중의불포화지방산 함량은 열풍건조시료 및 생(生)시료보다 낮았다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1052-1058
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• 2005

미세조류(microalgae)인 Schizochytrium sp.로부터 유래된 조류유(250 g)와 식물성 유지인 대두유(250 g)의 혼합 유지를 기질로 하고, sn-1,3 위치에 특이적으로 작용하는 Lipozyme RM IM(Rhizomucor miehei, EC 3.1.1.3)을 이용한 interesterification에 의해 회분식 반응기$(65^{\circ}C,\;300 rpm,\;15hr)$에서 재구성 지질을 합성하였다. 합성 된 재구성 지질의 주요 지방산 조성은 DHA$(15.7\;mol\%)$와 linoleic acid$(31.1\;mol\%)$, palmitic acid$(20.2\;mol\%)$, oleic acid$(13.5\;mol\%)$ 및 $EPA(6.6\;mol\%)$로 분석되었으며, linoleic aicd와 DHA가 sn-2 위치에서 높은 함량을 차지하였다. Normal-phase HPLC 분석결과 재구성지질은 $87.1\;area\%$의 TAG와 $12.1\;area\%$의 DAG 형태와 같은 중성지질로 구성되어 있었다. Reversed-phase HPLC 분석 결과 재구성 지질의 $PN=20\~22(10.3\;area\%),\;PN=24\~32(53.1\;area\%)$ 및 $PN=36\~48(36.6\;area\%)$ peaks내에 각각 PN=20, PN=22, PN=28, PN=30, PN=34, PN=38, PN=42를 가지고 재구성 지 질 함량의 약 $50.5\;area\%$를 차지하며 반응기질과 구별된 새로운 peaks가 합성에 의해 생성되었음을 확인하였다 재구성지질의 요오드가는 고도의 불포화도를 가지는 조류유(274.0)보다 약 $25\%$ 낮아진 206.7을 나타내었으며, 분자량을 설명하는 비누화 값이 183.8, 산가는 반응기질과 같은 0.3 이하의 측정값을 나타내었다. 재구성지질의 Hunter color $L^{\ast}(\pm\;lightness/darkness)$ 값은 13.8로 측정되었으며, $b^{\ast}(\pm,\;yellowness/blueness)$ 값은 13.8로 측정되었으며, $b^{\ast}(\pm,\;yellowness/blueness)$ 값은 반응기질보다 유의적으로 가장 높은 55.1을 나타내었다(p<0.05).

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.94-106
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• 2009

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Wongisaengmaek-san (extracted with water or 50% ethanol) on antioxidative activity and recovery of fatigue induced by weight-loaded forced swimming exercise. Methods : Antioxidant activity of Wongisaengmaek-san was evaluated in terms of total amount of polyphenol, 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhvdroxyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and xanthine oxidase inhibition. The anti-fatigue effect of Wongisaengmaek-san was investigated using an acute weight-loaded forced swimming test by monitoring swimming test times and blood biochemical parameters creatinine. BUN, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), free fatty acid (FFA) and lactic acid (LA). Results : 1. 50% EE (ethanol extract) had 2.3 times higher amount of total polyphenol compared to water extract. 2. It was identified that 50% ethanol extract showed enhancement of xanthine oxidase inhibition and DPPH scavenging effect in vitro. 3. According to anti-fatigue effect in the scale of 5% weight loaded mouse swimming test, both water and 50% ethanol extract showed significant improvement of swimming time elongation respectively, and 50% ethanol extract induced a more positive result. 4. After swimming for 1% weight-loaded mouse. water extract and 50% ethanol showed significant anti-fatigue effect with manifestation of blood sampling among both of the intervention: 50% ethanol extract showed a greater result. Conclusions : 50% ethanol extract of Wongisaengmaek-san has more effective antioxidant activity and anti-fatigue than water extract.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.155-159
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• 2003

Ninety rats were fed either a control diet or one of several allium vegetable diets (allium sativum (AS), allium cepa (AC), allium fistulosum (AF) or aliium tuberosum (AT) for 4 weeks and were separated into 3 groups : non-exercise (NE), exercise (EX), and exercise and recuperation (ER), The EX group was exercised on a treadmill for 1 hour just before sacrifice at the end of 4th week of diet intake and the ER group was recuperated for 2 hours after exercise. The levels of glucose (GLU), (PRO), triglyceride (TG), free fatty arid (FFA) and hemoglobin (Hb) were compared in plasma. In the U group, GLU levels of AS and AC tended to be higher than those of the control group. There were no differences in GLU levels between the control group and the allium vegetable groups in EX, whereas GLU levels of AS, AF and AT tended to be lower than that of control group in ER. There were no differences in PRO among the groups NE, EX and ER. TG and EEh levels of AS, AC, AF and AT tended to be lower than those of the control group in NE, EX and ER. Hb levels of AS, AC, AF and AT were lower than that of the control group in U and ER and tended to be lower than that of EX. These results suggest that allium vegetable diets have the potential to enhance the capacity to oxidize fatty acid and to recover triglyceride after recuperation, although there is compensation among stored fuel utilization during exercise