• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2019

Background: To date, a variety of surgical approaches have been used to reconstruct the medial orbital wall fracture. Still however, there is still a controversy as to their applicability because of postoperative scars, injury of anatomical structures and limited visual fields. The purpose of this study was to introduce a useful additional medial subbrow approach for better reduction and securement more accurate implant pocket of medial orbital wall fracture with the subciliary technique. Methods: We had performed our technique for a total of 14 patients with medial orbital wall fracture at our medical institution between January 2016 and July 2017. All fractures were operated through subciliary technique combined with the additional medial subbrow approach. They underwent subciliary approach accompanied by medial wall dissection using a Louisville elevator through the slit incision of the medial subbrow procedure. This facilitated visualization of the medial wall fracture site and helped to ensure a more accurate pocket for implant insertion. Results: Postoperative outcomes showed sufficient coverage without displacement. Twelve cases of preoperative diplopia improved to two cases of postoperative diplopia. More than 2 mm enophthalmos was 14 cases preoperatively, improving to 0 case postoperatively. Without damage such as major vessels or extraocular muscles, enophthalmos was corrected and there was no restriction of eyeball motion. Conclusion: Our ancillary procedure was useful in dissecting the medial wall, and it was a safe method as to cause no significant complications in our clinical series. Also, there is an only nonvisible postoperative scar. Therefore, it is a recommendable surgical modality for medial orbital wall fracture.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 2005

To evaluate the reliability of binocular vision measurements by phorometry. 90 students volunteered to participate in this study. 25 subjects were males, and 65 were females, they ranged in ages from 21 to 30 years. All subjects had normal ocular and systematic health, and all of them had at least 1.0 visual acuity with their best correction. At negative relative convergence(NRC) measurement in distance, the percentage of subjects is included in expected value(blur point/break point/recovery point) was 78%/61%/67%, divergence excess(DE) was 9%/31%/33%, and divergence insufficience(DI) was 13%/8%/9%, respectively. And positive relative convergence(PRC) measurement, includes expected value was 20%/46%/39%, convergence excess(CE) was 22%/14%/16%, and convergence insufficience(CI) was 35%/40%/45%. AC/A ratios of 42 subjects were normal. 38 were low, and the rest of them high. A low AC/A ratio is usually the result of a small vergence response in relation to accommodation. Negative relative convergence(NRC) at near, includes expected value was 26%/29%/44%, divergence excess(DE) was 61%/33%/24%, and divergence insufficience(DI) was 3%/38%/32%. And PRC at near, includes expected value was 33%/40%/31%, convergence excess(CE) was 61%/23%/42%, and convergence insufficience(CI) was 6%/37%/27%. For the near point of convergence(NPC) test, 58% of their subjects had a break of ${\leq}8cm$ with the accommodative target. In case of NRA(PRA) measurement, the expected value was 41%(33%). Accommodative insufficiency (AI) was 33%(43%), and accommodative excess(AE) was 26%(24%), respectively. AE was related to respectively low values of NRA. AI and CE are associated with high value of NRA, and the dysfunction of convergence excess combined with AE was related to a normal-high values of NRA. PRA in AI was related to a low value, wheres the dysfunction are associated with high values of PRA.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2003

This study investigated that total 1071 reading glasses wearers (male 432, female 639) without any eye disease or deformation in eyelid, orbit, eyeball (over 50 years old), were tested. Reading pupillary distance of 524 (male 202, female 322) of 1071 were examined and reading glasses power was examined for all 1071 patients. As a result of average reading diopters analysis by sex. male had S+2.34Dptr, female had S+2.23Dptr in average and male had a little more average power than female by 0.11Dptr. However, the difference was not much enough and by aging accommodation reduction changes were applied to both male and female. After dividing ready-made reading glasses on sale in optical shops into 5 groups by F.P.D. the average D.B.O.C(distance between optical centers) of each 5 group was examined (1st group 64.04 mm, 2nd group 66.96 mm, 3rd group 68.28 mm, 1th group 62.03 mm, 5th group 72.00 mm : the average of all groups was 66.96 mm : each group included 3 random samples : 195 ready-made reading glasses were measured), and compared with the average reading P.D of males and females (male 60.04 mm, female 58.23 mm). The result showed D.B.O.C of ready-made reading glasses on sale was bigger than the average reading P.D of them. The result reviewed the average range for male was $0.23{\Delta}(minimum){\sim}5.06{\Delta}(maximum)$, and for female was $0.46{\Delta}{\sim}5.79{\Delta}$. In conclusion when wearing ready-made reading glasses, female got more effected by average $0.45{\Delta}$ because reading P.D of female was smaller than that of male.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.33-41
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to improve the reduction of coverage of PTVs adjacent to organ at risk (OAR) by setting up overlapping Planning Target Volume (PTV) during Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy(VMAT). Materials and Methods: In patients who received Whole Brain, Gall Bladder and Rectum radiation therapy, We compared the cover change, maximum dose, Homogenicity Index and Conformity Index of PTV and also compared the maximum dose and average dose change of Organ At Risk by organizing treatment plans that are not applied overlaped PTV and treatment plans that are applied overlaped PTV in areas where coverage is insufficient. Results: overage of treatment plans with overlapping PTVs was increased in all patients, and overall coverage was also increased in each of the four patients. The maximum dose for PTV was increased in five patients, and the Homogenicity Index and Conformity Index for all patients did not differ much. The maximum dose of the lens was increased by 1.12 times, and the maximum dose was decreased in two patients for brain stem. The mean dose of the eyeball was increased by a maximum of 1.15 times, and there was no significant difference between both parotid gland. In case of gallbladder cancer patients, the mean dose in the liver and colon was decreased, and the mean dose in the duodenum was increased. In the case of rectal cancer patients, the mean dose was reduced for both femur and bladder set as OARs. The overall MU was shown to be similar in four patients, excluding one. Conclusion: If the critical dose of OAR is considered and used properly, I think it is a useful way to improve coverage of PTV.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.393-408
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• 2005

We developed and compared two automatic algorithms for moving object detections in the YSTAR-NEOPAT sky survey program. One method, called starlist comparison method, is to identify moving object candidates by comparing the photometry data tables from successive images. Another method, called image subtraction method, is to identify the candidates by subtracting one image from another which isolates sources moving against background stars. The efficiency and accuracy of these algorithms have been tested using actual survey data from the YSTAR-NEOPAT telescope system. For the detected candidates, we performed eyeball inspection of animated images to confirm validity of asteroid detections. Main conclusions include followings. First, the optical distortion in the YSTAR-NEOPAT wide-field images can be properly corrected by comparison with USNO-B1.0 catalog and the astrometric accuracy can be preserved at around 1.5 arcsec. Secondly, image subtraction provides more robust and accurate detection of moving objects. For two different thresholds of 2.0 and $4.0\sigma$, image subtraction method uncovered 34 and 12 candidates and most of them are confirmed to be real. Starlist comparison method detected many more candidates, 60 and 6 for each threshold level, but nearly half of them turned out to be false detections.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.389-398
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• 2012

Virtual worlds have pursued reality as if they actually exist. In order to evaluate the sense of reality in the computer-simulated worlds, several subjective questionnaires, which include specific independent variables, have been proposed in the literature. However, the questionnaires lack reliability and validity necessary for defining and measuring the virtual realization. Few studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of visual factors on the sense of reality experienced by exposing to a virtual environment. Therefore, this study was aimed at reinvestigating the variables and proposing a more reliable and advisable questionnaire for evaluating the virtual realization, focusing on visual factors. Twenty-one questions were gleaned from the literature and subjective interviews with focused groups. Exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation was performed on the data obtained from 200 participants(females: 100) after exposing to a virtual character image described in an extreme way. After removing poorly loading items, remained subsets were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis on the data obtained from the same participants. As a result, 3 significant factors were determined to efficiently measure the virtual realization. The determined factors included visual presence(3 subset items), visual immersion(7 subset items), and visual interactivity(4 subset items). The proposed factors were verified by conducting a subjective evaluation in which participants were asked to evaluate a 3D virtual eyeball model based on the visual presence. The results implicated that the measurement method was suitable for evaluating the degree of the virtual realization. The proposed method is expected to reasonably measure the degree of the virtual realization.

• The Korean Journal of Vision Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.497-504
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• 2018

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the temperature changes of the ocular surface before and after cataract surgery using thermography of a thermal imaging camera. Methods : The study included 75 patients (75 eyes) aged from 50 to 79 years who underwent cataract surgery. In the past, those who underwent corneal-related surgery, wearing contact lens, disorder of tear secretion and taking medication for systemic disease were excluded from this study. The temperature changes of the eyeball surface were measured using a thermal imager (Cox CX series, Answer, Korea) following Tear Break Up Time (TBUT) test, Mcmonnies questionnaire and Schirmer's Test in real time, Results : While the temperature of preoperative ocular surface was $35.20{\pm}0.54^{\circ}C$ and that of postoperative temperature was $35.30{\pm}0.53^{\circ}C$, the difference was not significant. The temperature changes in the ocular surface were statistically significant at $-0.12{\pm}0.08{\Delta}$ ($^{\circ}C/sec$) before the surgery and $-0.18{\pm}0.07{\Delta}$ ($^{\circ}C/sec$) after the surgery. In comparison of the age groups, it was shown that the changes in the surface temperature before the surgery were from $-0.19{\pm}0.05{\Delta}$ ($^{\circ}C/sec$) to $-0.14{\pm}0.09{\Delta}$ ($^{\circ}C/sec$) in the 50s group, and from $-0.12{\pm}0.08{\Delta}$ ($^{\circ}C/sec$) to $-0.15{\pm}0.07{\Delta}$ ($^{\circ}C/sec$) in 60s group, and $-0.18{\pm}0.07{\Delta}$ ($^{\circ}C$) to $-0.12{\pm}0.08{\Delta}/sec$) in the 70s group, showing significant changes in the ocular surface temperature at all ages. Conclusion : Following the cataract surgery, all the indicators of dry eye syndrome were decreased, and eye surface temperature changes were significant. The thermography technique of the ocular surface would be expected to be useful for the evaluation of various dry eye syndromes because it is easy to evaluate dry eye syndrome noninvasively and can be quantified.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.3
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• pp.54-70
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• 1993

According as the automation of clerical work(OA ; Office Automation) develops, the use of VDT(Visual or Video Display Terminal) is increasing suddenly. But, in proportion to the spread of office automation(OA tendency), the self-conciousness syptom attendant upon the work is appearing also (Kim, Jung Tae, Lee, Young Ook, 1990). The apparatuses of office enable the clerical workers to be convenient and perform mass businesses. But, they are increasing the opportunity to be exposed to VDT syndrom, techno stress, computer terminal disease, pain by muscle strain(RSI), bradycausia of noise nature, and electromagnetic waves, etc. which are referred to as the new type of occupational diseases to the workers. It is the real situation that the workers to use VDT is complaining of the physical inconvenience sense in the recent newspaper and literature, it is the point of time that the sydrome to come from VDT use and computer terminal disease, etc. must be classified into the occupational disease(Lee, Kwang Young 1990, Lee, Kyoo Hak 1990, Lee, Won Ho 1991, Lee, Si Young 1991, Lee, Joon 1991, Choi, Young Tae 1991, Heo, Seung Ho 1989). In addition, it is the real situation that the scientifitic study result about the scope that electromagnetic waves has influence on the human body has not been suggested yet, and criticism on the stable exposure permission standard about electromagnetic waves to be emitted from VDT and on the problem in the health about electromagnetic waves is continuing. (IEEE Spectrum, 1990). In addition according to the experience of nursery business of industry field, it is the real situation that the patients who consult complaining of physical and mental inconvenience sence, among the users of apparatus of office automation, are reaching 10% of the patients coming to doctor's room. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complain of multilaterally with the actual state examination about the use of the apparatuses of offices automaton. Thus, this study was tried as th basic data for the cosultation and education for the maintenance and furtherance of the health of workers as the nurse of industry field, by confirming the contents of self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of the apparatus for office outomation making the financial institution in which the spparatus for office automation in most frequently used as the subject, and by examining whether there is the difference according to the subject of study, the data were collected, by using the questionnaire method, making 200 workers who consented to the study participation as the subject, among the persons who have spent over 3 months since they used the apparatuses for office automation and didn't receive the treatment in hospital due to the clerical disease for recent 3 years. The period of data collection was from Oct. 9, 1991 to Oct. 12. As for the measurement instrument about the complaint if self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of apparatuses fo office automation, the question item on the complaint symptom of health problem attendant upon the treatment of VDT that Kim(1991) developed and on CMI health problem and the question items on the fatigue degree due to industry were used by previous examination to 25 persons. Collected data were analyzed with the statistical method such as percentage, arithmetic mean, Person correlation coeffient, Kai square verfication, t-test, ANOVA, etc. by using SPSS/PC+ program, and the result is as follows : 1. The self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complained of most frequetly appeared high in 'My eyes are tired'(99.4%), 'I feel fatigue and weariness'(99.4%), 'I feel that my head is heavy5(90.0%), 'eyesight fell'(88.8%), 'I have a stiff neck'(88.8%), 'I fell pain in the shoulder'(85.0%), 'I feel cold and painful in the eyes'(76.9%), 'I feel the dry sense of eyeball'(76.2%), 'My nerves are edgy, and I an fretful, (75.6%), 'I feel pain in the waist'(73.2%) and 'I fell pain in the back'(72.8%). It emerged that the subject use the apparatuses for office automation complained of self-consciousness symptoms related to visual symptoms and musculoskeletal symptoms. 2. As for the general feature of examination subjects, the result to see the distribution by classifying into sex, age, school career, use career of apparatuses for office automation, skillfulness degree of the use of apparatus for office automation, use hours of the apparatuses for office automation per 1 day, type of business of the apparatus for office automation, rest hours during the use of apparatus for office automation, satifaction degree of business of office automation, and work circumstance, etc. emerged as follows : As for the sex of subjects, the distribution showed that men were 58.8% and women were 41.3%, Age was average 26.9. As the distribution of school career, the distribution showed that4below the graduation of high school' was 58.8%, 'graduation from junior college-university' was 35.0%, and 'over graduate school' was 6.3%. In the question to ask the existence or non-existence of experience of health consultation in connection with the work of office automation, the response that I had the consultation exprience and I feel the necessity emergerd as 90.1% And, the case that the subject who didn't wear the glasses or lens before using the OA apparatus wear glasses or lens after using OA apparatus emerged as 28.3% of whole. As for the existence or non-existence of use career of OA apparatus, the case under 3 years was highest as 52. 7%. As for the skillfulnness degree about the use of apparatus for office automation, most of them are skillful with the fact that 'common' was 44.4%, 'skill' was 42.5%, and 'unskillful' was 13.1% As for the use average hours of the apparatus for office automation per 1 day, the distribution showed that the case under 3-6 hours was 33.1%, the case under 6-9 hours was 28.1%, the case under 3 hours was 30.6%, and the case over 9 hours was 8.1% Main OA business and the use hours for 1 day showed in the order of keeping and retrieval, business of information transmission(162min), business of information transmission(79.3 min), business of document framing(55.5 min), and business of duplication and printing(25.4min). as for the rest during the use of apparatus for affice automation, that I take rest occasion demands the major portion, but that I take after completing the work emerged as 33.8%. Though the subiness gets to be convenient by the use of the apparatus for of office automation, respondents who showed the dissatisfaction about the present OA business emergd high as 78.1%. The work circumstances of each office was good with the fact that the temperature of office was 21.8, noise was average 42.7db, and the illumination was average 364.4 lx, in the light of ANSi/HFS 100 Standard. 3. Sight syptom, musculoskeletal symptom, skin and other symptoms showed the significant difference according to the extent of skillfulness of the apparatus for office automation. All the symptoms exept skin symptom showed the difference according to the use hours of the apparatus for office automation. All the question items exept the sytoms of digestive organs and the rest hours during the apparatus for office automation showed the signicant difference. The question item which showed the signicant difference from the satisfaction degree of present OA business showed the significant difference from all the question item classified into 6 groups. But, age and school career didn't significant difference from the complaint of any self-consciousness symptoms.