• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.77-90
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• 2000

The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate an efficient camera calibration method for vision-based head tracking. Tracking head movements is important in the design of an eye-controlled human/computer interface. A vision-based head tracking system was proposed to allow the user's head movements in the design of the eye-controlled human/computer interface. We proposed an efficient camera calibration method to track the 3D position and orientation of the user's head accurately. We also evaluated the performance of the proposed method. The experimental error analysis results showed that the proposed method can provide more accurate and stable pose (i.e. position and orientation) of the camera than the conventional direct linear transformation method which has been used in camera calibration. The results of this study can be applied to the tracking head movements related to the eye-controlled human/computer interface and the virtual reality technology.

• 대한인간공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한인간공학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.36-47
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• 1996

By integrating the eye head-position monitioring devices, the present authors developed an eye-controlled human/computer interface based on the line-of-sight and an intentional blink to invoke commands. Also modified was an existing calibration method to reduce the visual angle between the target center and the intersection point of the derived line-of-sight. This modified calibration method allowed 108 or more command blocks to be displayed on the 14 inch monitor with the target acquisition probability(hit rate) of 98% when viewed at the distance of 500 mm apart. An active triggering method using an intentional blink was proposed and was shown to be a feasible and efficient alternative to invoke commands with total triggering time of 0.8 sec or less. The system could be used by the normal people as well as the handicapped individuals as a new human/computer interface.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.171-178
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• 1999

Several studies of eye-slaved nonverbal communicators have been performed recently. By integrating the eye and head-position monitoring devices, the present authors had developed an eye-controlled human/computer interface based on the line-of-sight and an intentional blink to invoke commands in the preceeding study. As a successive study, this paper examines the characteristics of performing the intentional double blinks experimentally and proposes the double blinks as an alternative triggering method. The applications may extend to several domains such as rehabilitation and virtual reality system with head mounted display.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1997

This paper is concerned with the development and evaluation of the camera calibration method for a real-time head tracking system. Tracking of head movements is important in the design of an eye-controlled human/computer interface and the area of virtual environment. We proposed a video-based head tracking system. A camera was mounted on the subject's head and it took the front view containing eight 3-dimensional reference points(passive retr0-reflecting markers) fixed at the known position(computer monitor). The reference points were captured by image processing board. These points were used to calculate the position (3-dimensional) and orientation of the camera. A suitable camera calibration method for providing accurate extrinsic camera parameters was proposed. The method has three steps. In the first step, the image center was calibrated using the method of varying focal length. In the second step, the focal length and the scale factor were calibrated from the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) matrix obtained from the known position and orientation of the camera. In the third step, the position and orientation of the camera was calculated from the DLT matrix, using the calibrated intrinsic camera parameters. Experimental results showed that the average error of camera positions (3- dimensional) is about $0.53^{\circ}C$, the angular errors of camera orientations are less than $0.55^{\circ}C$and the data aquisition rate is about 10Hz. The results of this study can be applied to the tracking of head movements related to the eye-controlled human/computer interface and the virtual environment.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2000년도 ITC-CSCC -1
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• pp.11-14
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• 2000

In this paper, we propose a fast and practical head pose estimation scheme fur eye-head controlled human computer interface with non-constrained background. The method we propose uses complete graph matching from thresholded images and the two blocks showing the greatest similarity are selected as eyes, we also locate mouth and nostrils in turn using the eye location information and size information. The average computing time of the image(360*240) is within 0.2(sec) and we employ template matching method using angles between facial features for head pose estimation. It has been tested on several sequential facial images with different illuminating conditions and varied head poses, It returned quite a satisfactory performance in both speed and accuracy.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.717-722
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• 2003

A driving simulator is a computer-controlled tool to study an interface between a driver and vehicle response by enabling the driver to participate in judging vehicle characteristics. Using the driving simulator, human factor study, vehicle system development and other research can be effectively done under controllable, reproducible and non-dangerous conditions. An Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system is generally regarded as a system that can be achieved in the near future without the demanding infrastructure components and technologies. ACC system is an automatic vehicle following system with no human engagement in the longitudinal vehicle direction. And the influence of the driver is substantial in developing the system. Driving characteristic is very different according to the accident riskiness, gender, age and so on. In this research, experiments have been carried out to investigate driving characteristics with the ACC system, using a driving simulator. Participants are 21 male and 19 female. Driving characteristics such as preferred headway-time, lane keeping ability, eye direction, and head movement have been observed and compared between the driving with ACC and the driving without ACC.

• 한국HCI학회논문지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 장애인이나 게이머를 위해 눈의 움직임과 머리의 움직임으로 제어가 가능한 헤드 마우스를 제안하였고, 제안한 마우스를 기존의 마우스와 비교하였다. 마우스 포인터의 이동은 머리 움직임의 회전각도 정보를 활용하였고, 클릭이나 더블 클릭의 이벤트는 눈의 깜빡임을 이용하였다. 기존의 각속도계를 이용한 마우스에서 적분으로 인한 누적오차는 적분을 하지 않고 데드 존을 갖는 비선형 상대 좌표계 방식을 통하여 해결하였고, 추가적으로 이동 거리와 가속도를 함께 고려하여 직관적인 마우스 포인터 제어가 가능하도록 하였다. 주변광의 영향을 최소화하도록 광원 제어 회로를 설계하여 외부 광원의 변화에도 마우스 이벤트 검출에 영향을 받지 않도록 하였다. 제안한 마우스를 응시점을 이용한 마우스(퀵글랜스)와 비교한 결과, 20회 클릭하는 실험에서는 약 21%, Dasher를 이용한 문자입력실험에서도 약 25%, 화상키보드를 이용한 문자입력 실험에서도 약 37% 짧은 입력 시간을 보였다. 그리고 카메라 마우스와의 비교에서도 제안한 헤드 마우스가 우수한 성능을 보였다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.49-64
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• 2008

최근에 휴먼 컴퓨터 인터페이스 분야에서 사용자의 시선 위치를 파악하여 더욱 편리한 입력장치를 구축하고자 하는 연구가 많이 진행되고 있다. 하지만 복잡한 하드웨어 구성으로 제품의 가격이 매우 비싸고, 까다로운 사용자 캘리브레이션 과정으로 인해 시스템의 사용에 어려움을 겪는다. 본 논문에서는 HMD(Head Mounted Display)에 USB 카메라와 적외선을 반사시키는 hot-mirror와 적외선 조명을 이용한 시선 추적 모듈을 부착하고, 이를 통해 획득한 눈 영상의 2차원적인 분석과 간단한 사용자 캘리브레이션 과정을 통해 시선 위치를 파악하는 방법을 제안한다. HMD는 사용자의 얼굴 움직임과 함께 움직이므로, 얼굴움직임에 영향을 받지 않는 시선 추적 시스템을 구현할 수 있다. 또한, 시선 추적 시스템을 3차원 1인칭 슈팅 게임에 적응하여, 캐릭터의 시선 방향을 조정하고, 적 캐릭터를 조준하여 사격이 가능하도록 하여, 게임의 몰입감과 흥미성을 높일 수 있게 하였다. 실험 결과, 한 대의 데스크톱 컴퓨터 환경에서 게임과 시선 추적 시스템이 실시간으로 동작 가능했으며, 약 $0.88^{\circ}$의 시선 위치 추출 오차를 보였다. 또한 3차원 1인칭 슈팅게임에서 일반 마우스의 역할을 시선 추적 시스템이 문제없이 대신할 수 있음을 확인하였다.