• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.159-166
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• 2004

The beach, a margin between the sea and the land, is an extremely dynamic zone, for it is here that the motion of the sea interacts with the sediment, rock of the land or the artificial barriers. In order to prohibit or retard erosions due to the extreme Typhoon or storm induced waves, man has constructed these of temporary or more permanent nature, but they caused problems of other erosions from the secondary effect of them and a bad influence on the seascape. In considering the energy available to accelerate sediment transport and erosion in the surf zone, where the waves are broken, and offshore beyond the breaker line, the wave height and the wave period should be taken account. Hence, we tried to present an applicability of the submerged artificial Bio-reefs analyzing waves by a numerical model such that they could reduce the wave power without the secondary effect and restoration of marine ecologies. A new technique of beach preservation is by artificial reefs with artificial and/or natural kelps or sea plants. By engineering the geometry of the nearshore reef, the wave attenuation ability of the feature can be optimized Higher, wider and longer reefs provide the greatest barrier against wave energy but material volumes, navigation hazards, placement methods and other factors require engineering considerations for the overall design of the nearshore reefs.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.93-99
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• 1998

We measured the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic movements during abduction of the arm in the coronal plane with radiologic analysis in the 30 shoulders of normal male adults who were without pain, limitation of motion, and history of trauma. In the resting position, the glenoid cavity of the scapula faced somewhat superiorly in over 80 percents of the individuals, the mean superior tilting was 5.7 degrees. The mean total scapulothoracic movement was 65.8 degrees and the mean total glenohumeral movement was 106.8 degrees during abduction of arm in the coronal plane. The mean ratio of the glenohumeral movement to the scapulothoracic movement was 1.6 and this GH/ST ratio was decreased toward the extreme abduction. When the arm was abducted, external rotation of the humeral head occurred and this external rotation was increased smoothly during 0 degree through 90 degrees, but steeply above 90 degrees. The acromiohumeral interval was 10.9 mm at the resting positon, and this interval decreased during the arm abduction. The superior migration of the humeral head was 3.1 mm while abducting the arm. Our measurement of the relationships of glenohumeral and scapulothoracic movements at the coronal plane would be useful in the understandings of the biomechanics of shoulder, but further study would be required for the analysis of the three dimensional relationship because of the limitation of our two dimensional analysis.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.615-621
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• 2000

A social phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by extreme fear and phobic avoidance of social and performance situations. Medications or cognitive-behavior methods have been mainly used in treating it. These methods have some shortcomings such as being inefficient and difficult to apply to treatment. Lately the virtual rcality technology has been applied to dcal with the anxiety disorders in order to compcnsate for these defects. A virtual environment provides a patient with stimuli which cvokes a phobia. and the patient's exposure to the virtual phobic situation make him be able to overcome it. In this study, we suggested the public speaking simulator based on a personal computer for the treatment of social phobia. The public speaking simulator was composed of a position sensor. head mount display and audio system. And a virtual environment for the treatment was suggested to be a seminar room where 8 avatars are sitting. The virtual environment includes a tracking system the trace a participant's head-movement using a HMD with position sensor and 3D sound is added to the virtual environment so that he might fcel it realistic. We also made avatars' motion and facial expression change in reaction to a participant's speech. The goal of developing public speaking simulator is to apply to treat fear of public speaking efficiently and economically. In a future study. we should get more information about immergence and treatment efficiency by clinical test and apply it to this simulator.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.320-323
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• 2014

Today is going with the advancement of intelligent transportation systems and traffic environment and helping to provide safe and convenient service through a mobile device work with the popularization of the vehicle black box. The traffic flow by a variety of causes is constantly changing, it is often unable to prepare the driver, depending on external factors can not be controlled by the power of the public, leading to a major accident. The system needs to pass the real-time weather data in the inter-operator to prevent this. The proposed detection algorithm weather information delivered real-time weather information for this paper. The weather condition is detected by using the contrast between the histogram of the motion of the wiper and the clear day algorithm. In general, the wiper is worked in extreme weather conditions that will have a value different contrast due to rain or snow. Situation was considered clear, snowy conditions, such as using it on a rainy situation. First, designated as ROI (Region Of Interest) of the minimum area that can be detected in order to reduce the amount of calculation for the wiper, the wiper, which was detected through the operation of the threshold Thresholding the brightness of the vehicle wiper. In addition, we distinguish the value of each meteorological situation by using contrast. Results was obtained to 80% for the snow conditions, a rainy situation.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.3-30
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• 2007

The New York Convention(formally called "United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards") done in New York on June 10, 1958 has been adhered to by more than 140 States at the time of this writing, including almost all important trading nations from the Capitalist and Socialist World as well as many developing countries. The Convention can be considered as the most important Convention in the field of arbitration and as the cornerstone of current international commercial arbitration. Korea has acceded to the New York Convention since 1973. When acceding to the Convention, Korea declared that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State on the basis of reciprocity. Also, Korea declared that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of Korea. The provisions relating to the enforcement of arbitral awards falling under the New York Convention begin at Article III. The Article III contains the general obligation for the Contracting States to recognize Convention awards as binding and to enforce them in accordance with their rules of procedure. The Convention requires a minimum of conditions to be fulfilled by the party seeking enforcement. According to Article IV(1), that party has only to supply (1) the duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy thereof, and (2) the original arbitration agreement or a duly certified copy thereof. In fulfilling these conditions, the party seeking enforcement produces prima facie evidence entitling it to obtain enforcement of the award. It is then up to the other party to prove that enforcement should not be granted on the basis of the grounds for refusal of enforcement enumerated in the subsequent Article V(1). Grounds for refusal of enforcement are stipulated in Article V is divided into two parts. Firstly, listed in the first Para. of Article V are the grounds for refusal of enforcement which are to be asserted and proven by the respondent. Secondly, listed in Para. 2 of Article V, are the grounds on which a court may refuse enforcement on its own motion. These grounds are non-arbitrability of the subject matter and violation of the public policy of the enforcement country. The three main features of the grounds for refusal of enforcement of an award under Article V, which are almost unanimously affirmed by the courts, are the following. Firstly, The grounds for refusal of enforcement mentioned in Article V are exhaustive. No other grounds can be invoked. Secondly, and this feature follows from the first one, the court before which enforcement of the award is sought may not review the merits of the award because a mistake in fact or law by the arbitrators is not included in the list of grounds for refusal of enforcement set forth in Article V. Thirdly, the party against whom enforcement is sought has the burden of proving the existence of one or more of the grounds for refusal of enforcement. The grounds for refusal of enforcement by a court on its own motion, listed in the second Para. of Article V, are non-arbitrability of the subject matter and public policy of the enforcement country. From the court decisions reported so far at home and abroad, it appears that courts accept a violation of public policy in extreme cases only, and frequently justify their decision by distinguishing between domestic and international public policy. The Dec. 31, 1999 amendment to the Arbitration Act of Korea admits the basis for enforcement of foreign arbitral awards rendered under the New York Convention. In Korea, a holder of a foreign arbitral award is obliged to request from the court a judgment ordering enforcement of the award.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.33
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• pp.257-286
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• 2019

This study aims to explain theodicy in Daesoon Jinrihoe using established theodicies. Theodicy in Daesoon Jinrihoe can be described as follows: within the worldview of Daesoon Jinrihoe, the problems of evil and suffering are better addressed by analyzing the problem of mutual contention. Accordingly, theodicy in Daesoon Jinrihoe is a matter which should be discussed only in regards to the time period known as the Former World and the transition period after the Reordering Works that leads up to the Later World. The Later World does not operate under patterns of mutual contention. Consequently, there will be no suffering. Therefore, issues of theodicy are irrelevant in the Later World. Theodicy should be dealt differently as it pertains to the Former World and the previously mentioned transition period. Daesoon Thought posits that there is an underlying principle presides over the cosmos, and the divine beings act in accordance with it and perform specific duties in their own subdivisions. The cosmic principle is able to contain cycles of both Sanggeuk ('mutual destruction' in general usage, but 'mutual contention' in Daesoon Thought related to the Former World) and sangsaeng ('mutual generation' in general usage and 'mutual beneficence' in Daesoon Thought related to the Later World). Suffering came into being due to mutual contention. However, mutual contention was not set into motion maliciously, but was arranged instead to facilitate the realization of greater values such as growth and development. In other words, mutual contention are not products of a moral value the nature of which is bad or wrong. Yet, since the world has operated under mutual contention from time immemorial, a nearly incalculably vast multitude of grievances have accumulated. In addition, the divine beings who had operated under mutual contention often made mistakes and spread confusion. This extreme situation resulted in tremendous disasters breaking out all over the world. Perhaps this particular theodicy could be named "Dualistic Sanggeuk Theology (Dualistic Theodicy of Mutual Contention)." After the divine beings reported to the Supreme God that the world had fallen into a serious crisis, the Supreme God penetratingly examined the circumstances of the world and then descended to Earth as a human being named Jeungsan. As Jeungsan practiced the Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth, the Great Opening was preordained by Him. As a result, the transition period started, and from that point onward, theodicy should be described differently. It is presumed that all creatures will be judged at the time of the Great Opening. This will result in the annihilation of all wicked beings including both divine beings and humans. There will also be the establishment of an earthly paradise as well as grievance resolution for all beings prior the Great Opening. This can also be called "The Eschatological Theodicy of the Resolution of Grievances." Theodicy in Daesoon Jinrihoe adopts the two theodicies mentioned above. In addition to that, various theodicies from other traditions such as Irenaean ("soul-making") Theodicy, Free Will Theodicy, Recompense Theodicy, Afterlife Theodicy, Karma Samsara Theodicy, theodicy of participation, and Communion Theodicy can all potentially be applied on a case by case basis.