• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.51-56
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• 1996

The Bark lignin(alkali- and acid lignin), bark extractives(hot water-and $Na_2SO_3$ extractives) of Quercus acutissima and Pinus densiflora, and flavonoids were used to detect heavy metal adsorption. The adsorption ratio of heavy metals by lignin was assigned for 40 to 50%, but was not dependent on lignin kinds. However, in case of the addition of light metals such as $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ to lignin the adsorption ratio was increased by 20 to 40%, and $Pb^{++}$ was almost completely adsorbed. On hot water extractives, the adsorption ratio was very low because the substrate was water-soluble, so the substrate should be water-insoluble to adsorb the heavy metals. However, the adsorption ratios of $Cd^{++}$ and $Pb^{++}$ on $Na_2SO_3$ extractives were significantly increased, while those of $Zn^{++}$ and $Cu^{++}$, were similar to lignin. When four kinds of heavy metals were treated to $Na_2SO_3$ extractives together, more than 97% of $Pb^{++}$ and $Cu^{++}$ was adsorbed_ and $Zn^{++}$ was more adsorbed by 40%, and $Cd^{++}$ was not changed, comparing with the case that on kind of heavy metal was treated. There were differences between adsorption ratio of the kinds of flavonoids and heavy metals, and the adsorption ratio of heavy metals was assigned to 20 to 45% per 0.1g flavonoid.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.42-51
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• 2000

떡갈나무의 부위별 추출물에 대한 항균활성 및 항산화활성을 시험하였다. 항균활성은 paper disk법과 bioautography법으로 시험하였다. 잎으로부터 추출된 ethyl acetate 가용부는 Klebsiella pneumoniae균에 대해서 가장 강한 항균력을 나타냈다. 수피로부터 추출된 ethyl acetate 가용부는 Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae균에 대해 항균효과가 우수하였다. 목절부의 에탄올 추출물은 Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae 및 Vibrio parahaemolyticus균에 대해서 저해효과가 가장 높게 나타났다. 떡갈나무 에탄올 추출물의 항균활성은 잎, 수피, 목질부의 순으로 높게 나타났다. Bioautography법에 의한 항균활성은 목질부 에탄올 추출물에 있어서 Rf치 0.41~0.63 영역의 물질이 가장 강한 저해를 나타냈다. 떡갈나무의 부위별 추출물에 대한 항산화활성 시험 결과, 잎 추출물에서는 petroleum ether 가용부가 매우 낮은 항산화활성을 나타냈으나, ethyl acetate 불용부에서는 높은 항산화활성을 나타냈다. 수피와 목질부의 추출물에 있어서. petroleum ether 가용부를 제외한 나머지 분획물의 항산화활성은 BHT의 항산화 성보다 약 2배 정도 높은 수치를 보였다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.62-68
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• 2004

The amount of non-lignin components in unbleached and oxygen-delignified kraft pulps and their impact on lignin determinations was investigated. The lignin analyses investigated were kappa number and Klason lignin in conjunction with acid-soluble lignin. The species investigated were loblolly pine, and aspen. The non-lignin components that impacted on lignin determination were residual extractives and hexenuronic acid in unbleached and oxygen-delignified kraft pulps. In the hardwoods, significant amounts of extractives remained after kraft pulping and oxygen delignification. These residual extractives in the hardwood pulps had an impact on the lignin determination, more so on the acid lignin method than kappa number. Hexenuronic acid only impacts on kappa number determination both softwood and hardwood pulps, not on acid lignin. Hexeneuronic acid contributed as lignin content more in aspen than pine pulps, and more in oxygen-delignified than unbleached kraft pulps. Impact of hexenuronic acid on should be corrected both softwood and hardwood pulps for accurate kappa number.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.64-70
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• 2010

In this study, hemicelluloses were pre-extracted from mixed hardwood chips using sodium hydroxide solution and then they were isolated from pre-extractives by using various solvents. Isolation was conducted by precipitating hemicelluloses with isopropanol, ethanol, 1,4-dioxane, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), respectively. The precipitate yield on alkali pre-extractives was the highest when hemicelluloses were isolated by DMSO and then precipitated with ethanol. Most precipitates were yellow colored. The efficiency of isolation was evaluated by analysing the characteristics of isolated hemicelluloses. Isolation using DMSO, KOH and 1,4-dioxane ($80^{\circ}C$) showed rather high efficiency. The highest total separation efficiency was about 77% when alkali pre-extractives were reacted with KOH and precipitated with ethanol. The quantity and purity of isolated hemicelluloses were affected by the solvent type.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제99권2호
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• pp.220-225
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• 2010

This study was conducted to examine the effects of wound dressing with thiophanate-methyl paste on the compartmentalization of pruning wounds in Acer palmatum. A total of thirty field-grown trees were used for three different treatments, such as no dressing, dressing once right after pruning cut, and dressing twice, one more dressing treatment one year after initial dressing. Wound closure rate (WCR) and discolored/wound area ratio (D/W ratio) two years after treatment were measured. Variations of extractives, holocellulose and lignin at the treated branch unions were also examined. The WCR of no dressing treatment of 70.9% was significantly lower than those of the two dressing treatments (85.4% and 82.7%, respectively), while the difference between dressing once and twice was not significant. The D/W ratio of no dressing treatment (39.3%) was significantly higher than those of the two dressing treatments (around 30%). Generally, at the branch core of the treated union, contents of extractives and lignin were higher and holocellulose contents were lower than the branch core of the union with living branch. Among the branch core of treated union, no dressing treatment showed a relatively lower holocellulose (63.5%), and relatively higher extractives (2.8%) and lignin (26.6%) than dressing once (66.2%, 1.7%, 26.1%, respectively).

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2011

Hemicelluloses are useful materials for papermaking and other biotechnological applications. To recover and further utilize the hemicelluloses, this study carried out the pre-extraction of the hemicelluloses from Korean mixed hardwoods chips using hot water and sodium hydroxide solution at various temperature and time conditions. Through the hot water pre-extraction, the wood components of 22% was extracted and the 35% of the hemicelluloses which were contained in the original wood chips were dissolved into the pre-extractives. The yield of the pre-extractives was more significantly influenced by the pre-extraction temperature than the time. The pre-extractives with the yield of 30% could be obtained by alkali pre-extraction and alkali concentration was the most important factor. It had lower hemicellulose content but high molecular weight, compared with the hot water pre-extractives.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.12-21
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• 1982

Red pine and Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Gordon) grown in Korea have been the main species of coniferous resources in Korea. Especially, planting area of Japanese larch has been increased continueously in the recent years due to its superior plant type and rapid growth rate and its stocks reached approximately 4.32 million cubic meters at the present time. Although many research works have been done for the utilization of the larch wood in various ways, still many problems are existed in its chemical applications due to a large proportion of soluble extractives. In this study, chemical composition of larch extractives and chemical structure of its major component were analyzed. In order to identify the basic structure of major component, gas-liquid chromatography for separation of some completely methylated alditols as their acetates on a 3% - ECNSS-M on Gas Chrom Q. column was used. Proportion of extractives of Japanese larch wood was higher than that of other conifers and major component of the soluble extractives was arabinogalactan, a schematic structural formula which was presented in Figure 2. The molar ratio of arabinose and galactose was 1:4.5. The main chain of arabinogalactan was composed of 1,3 linked ${\beta}$-D-galactopyranose residues, each of which carried a side chain, attached to the C-6 positions. The exact nature of all of the side chains is not known, but the majority of these side chain was composed of 1, 6 linked ${\beta}$-D-galactopyranose residues, with 2~3 such units present per average chain. Some of the galactose units in the main chain had a residue of 3 - 0 - ${\beta}$-L-arabinopyranosyl-L-arabinofuranose. In addition, a few terminal residues of D-glucuronic acid also was confirmed, attached to C-6 position of the D-galactopyranose residue. It could concluded that the main structure of highly branched arabinogalactan from Japanese larch extractive was essentially the same as those of the other larch species.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

항균활성이 우수한 헛개나무 목부 에탄올 조추출물로부터 7종의 화합물을 단리하였으며, 기기분석 결과 flavonoid인 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone를 비롯하여 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (chrysin), 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (pinocembrin), 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone (pinobanksin), 3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (aromadendrin)과 stilbenoid인 3-hydroxy-5-methoxystilbene과 3,5-dihydroxystilbene (pinosylvin)으로 각각 동정되었다. 이들 단리물질에 대한 항균활성을 조사한 결과 stilbenoid인 3-hydroxy-5-methoxystilbene이 공시균주의 생장을 완전히 저해하여 단리물질 중 활성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그 다음이 pinocembrin과 pinosylvin으로 Cryphonectria parasitica, Trametes versicolor, Tyromyces palustris 그리고 Trichoderma viride에 대해 높은 균사생장억제율을 나타내어 활성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, flavonoid인 pinobanksin, 5- hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, chrysin, 그리고 aromadendrin은 항균활성이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과, 헛개나무 목부 에탄올 조추출물의 높은 항균활성은 3-hydroxy-5-methoxystilbene과 pinocembrin, 그리고 pinosylvin에서 유래된 것으로 사료되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.67-72
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• 1993

Hot water extractives of sawdust/particle from domestic and foreign wood species, which were composed of pitch pine, Korean pine, larch, Italy poplar, acacia and oak as Korean wood species, Malaysian oil palm and German spruce were quantitatively analyzed with thin layer chromatography. Sugar components of saccharose, galactose, glucose, fructose and arabinose were contained in these wood species. It was assumed that arabinose and glucose are major inhibitory components against cement hardening in larch and oil palm, respectively, since both species contain a large amount of each sugar. In contrast, fructose might not influence so badly on a cement hardening, when considering that fructose was contained much in Italy poplar with a good cement hardening character. Galactose was a minor component.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2003

전보에 이어 산벚나무(P. sargentii) 심재 에탄올 추출물로부터 4개의 페놀성 화합물을 단리하였으며 기기분석결과, isoflavone인 prunetin를 비롯하여 flavanone인 angophorol, sakuranetin 그리고 flavanone 배당체인 isosakuranin 으로 각각 동정하였다. 그러나 이들의 항균 및 항산화 활성을 조사한 결과 활성이 낮아 산벚나무 에탄올 조추출물의 높은 항균 및 항산화 활성은 이들 단리물질과는 무관한 것으로 사료되었다.