• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.79-86
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• 1989

The is a retrospective study on the transoral approach to open reduction of the Mandibular fractures. Our study was based on a series of 64 patients with mandibular fractures among 99 patients of facial bone fractures who had been treated by transoral approach with or without extraoral approach at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei Medical Center, Yonsei University from January 1981 to October 1988. We studied favorite sites of open reduction, fixation methods, results and prognosis related to transoral approaches of Mandibular fractures, and which compared with extraoral approaches. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The transoral open reduction was used more frequently in Mandibular fractures(64.6%) than Midfacial bone fractures(35.4%). Among 64 patients of mandibular fractures, 47 patients(73.4%) were treated only by transoral approach and others(26.6%) were treated by both trans- and extra-oral approach. Among 92 sites of mandibular fractures, 75 sites(81.5%) were treated by transoral approach and 17(18.5%) were treated by extraoral approach. 2. The most favorite site for transoral approach compared with extraoral approach was Symphysis(100%), and Angle(62.5%) was next in order of frequency on Mandibular fractures. 3. Direct Interosseous Wiring(DIW) was most commonly used for fixation(64.6%) and Miniplate osteosynthesis was used next in 28.1%. 4. Simple(39.1%) and Compound(52.2%) fractures were frequently indicated for transoral approach, however comminuted fractures were rarely indicated. 5. The direction of fracture lines on Angle of the mandible did not influence to determine whether transoral approach should be selected or not. However this area seemed to be more difficult to reduce exactly by transoral procedure than other areas because simultaneous superior and inferior fixation was applied predominantly on this area. 6. The success rate of reduction and fixation analyzed from us was more excellent in Direct Interosseous Wiring(29/53=54.7%) than in Rigid Internal Fixation(9/29=31.0%). But it might be depended upon various factors as like as sugeon's skill. 7. The postoperative complication due to transoral open reduction of mandible was not high(12.0%) and this rate was similar with other published reports.

• 한국초등수학교육학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.65-84
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• 2005

영재교육에 대한 관심이 집중되면서 한국교육개발원을 중심으로 개인 및 집단에 의해 많은 초등 수학 영재 교수-학습 프로그램들이 개발되었다. 그러나 기존에 개발된 프로그램들을 분석한 결과 대상이나 영역, 주제와 내용 등이 특정 영역에 편중되거나 중복되는 문제점이 발견되었다. 본 연구에서는 기존에 개발된 22종(384개 주제)의 초등수학 영재 교수-학습 프로그램을 학습 대상, 제 7차 수학과 교육과정의 영역, Renzulli의 3부 심화학습 단계, 내용의 성격 등으로 구분하여 프로그램의 내용과 각각의 구성 체제를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 개발된 프로그램은 고학년에 비해 저학년을 대상으로 하는 교수-학습 프로그램의 비율이 매우 낮게 나타났고, 도형영역에 집중되어 있는 반면 측정 영역은 가장 적은 빈도수를 나타내고 있다. 또한 프로그램은 Renzulli의 3부 심화학습 단계에 따르지 않고 개발되는 경우가 가장 많았으며, 단계별로는 2부, 3부, 1부 순으로 나타났다. 프로그램의 내용의 성격에 따른 분석결과 주제탐구형이 가장 많았으며, 창의적 문제해결형 교구활용형, 프로젝트형, 퍼즐과 게임형의 순으로 나타났다. 프로그램의 구성 체제면에서는 단원명, 단원의 개관, 학습 목표, 단계별 학습내용, 평가, 읽을거리, 참고자료 등의 항목을 중심으로 개발할 것을 제안하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.3285-3294
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• 2012

현장 갯벌에서의 미생물제제와 $CaO_2$처리를 통한 효율성을 관찰하고자 유용미생물 및 미생물과 $CaO_2$를 혼합하여 특수 처리한 제제를 $100m^2$ 크기의 각 처리구에 3.6kg씩 살포하여 6주간 모니터링 결과, 두 처리구로부터 pH 및 ORP는 평균 pH 7이하, ORP는 초기 값(-178 mV ~ -188 mV)에 비해 .121.06 mV ~ -142.06 mV로 다소 상승하였다. 강열감량과 COD의 경우, 큰 변화가 없었으며 질소와 인 계열은 다소 효과가 있었는데 암모니아는 시간이 경과함에 따라 대조구와 더불어 낮아지는 경향을 보였으며 질산성질소의 경우, $CaO_2$와 미생물제제의 혼합처리(11.3%)가 미생물제제 처리(7.3%)보다 질산염농도가 감소한 이유는 산소발생에 의한 어느 정도의 호기화된 조건에서 질산화반응에 의해 퇴적토의 질산염이 수층으로 용출된 결과로 생각되며 이에 따라 총 질소의 농도도 혼합처리에 의한 감소(6.1%)로 이어진 결과라 판단된다. 마찬가지로 인의 경우에도 초기 농도가 다소 높은 수치(T-P는 0.761 mg/g, $PO_4-P$는 0.529 mg/g)를 보였으나 혼합 처리구에서 T-P는 29%, $PO_4-P$는 31.8%의 감소율로 미생물제제보다 인의 용출을 억제시킨 결과로 나타났다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2014

Purpose - The purpose of the study is to reexamine the price fairness as practiced by low cost airlines, as a consumer has to experience such inconveniences as inferior airport transportation, extra fees on in-flight meals, and non-negotiable seats, and consumers evaluate such experiences keeping in mind their total costs. This evaluation includes price fairness and allows a reasonable and overall consideration of factors of low cost airlines. It tries to set up a measurement of the indicators consumers' perceptions of price fairness academically as it adapts price fairness to airline services which are renowned for price volatility. Research design, data, and methodology - The research proposes an alternative pricing strategy for the long term profit of low cost airlines after going over conflicts between the traditional theory of consumers' price perception mechanism and flexible fair policy of low cost airlines. It was meaningful when it relates to the early stage of the business, while it enhances the risks relating to the long term survival of low cost airlines. In addition, it is significant as it highlights the negative influences on consumers' perceptions of price fairness, as low cost airlines run on extremely low cost perspectives. Results - The results of the research provide insight into four perspectives, as consumers' perceptions of price fairness are influenced by the frequency and range of price changes and services. The first perspective is that it would lead to positive price evaluation when a low cost airline cuts prices frequently with little changes than one big change. It also would lead to the same result when it comes to necessary services. The second perspective is that one big increase of price would rather undermine the negative aspects of price changes than those of several smaller ones. The third perspective is that additional services would be good to consumers' perceptions of price fairness as compared to discount benefits with respect to the cost. Finally, a low cost airline should consider that consumers will change airlines or defer their flight schedule if the flight fares increase beyond their limits. Conclusions - Low cost airlines should reconsider their pricing policies for services that were provided free earlier. A consumer would not like discount benefits when made to pay for services that were, for long, free of charge. If a low cost airline can provide services with no charge, it should improve volumes if the costs are standardized and, moreover, should consider the charging fees. Alternatively, a consumer can choose between services and fair discount. Low cost airlines are implementing sales promotion strategies, as the competition is more intense than it used to be. In these days, they should regard services over sales promotion, as consumers may prefer to spend money on good premium services. Some differentiation in services could create a good market position for the airlines and, hence, good financial performance.

• 보험의학회지
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• 제24권
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• pp.97-117
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• 2005

Internally Korean insurance market is that whole life products' growth are becoming slowdown that's why new insurance products have appeared on the market in consideration of consumer's needs recently. Externally domestic insurance market competitions has drifted from insurance industry to whole financial industry since bankasurance started. Life insurance companies should open up a new market to survive from severe competitions. Worksite marketing can be an alternative. An insurer make arrangements with an employer about an insurance terms which an insurer offers in Worksite marketing. Then eligible individuals enroll in the plans at their own discretion and pay 100 percent of the premium for coverage through payroll deductions. An employer doesn't need to pay extra money for additional benefit but can raise employee's loyalty and satisfaction of company through worksite marketing. An employee can be covered at discounted premium rate and less strict underwriting guidelines to an insurer compared to individual insurance. In developed countries specially U.S insurance market, Worksite marketing is getting very popular and growing rapidly due to the advantages. Worksite marketing has both individual insurance characters and group insurance characters. Individual insurance characters are that employees enroll in the plans at their own discretion and pay 100 percent of the premium for coverage. Group insurance characters are that actively at work and participation etc. An insurer have to reflect these two characters on Worksite marketing when an insurance company work out a plan for developing products and underwriting guidelines. When an insurer devise worksite products, one should consider participation level which means percentage of eligible employees participating. Participation is related to anti-selection. As we know underwriting is essential for every kind of insurance, especially underwriting plays major role in worksite marketing. We can see that in the below. Firstly, it has a function in calculation of premium rate. When calculate premium rate for worksite products underwriters have to estimate expected participation level and risk factors. So underwriters and acturies keep in close contact with each other. Secondly, underwriting methods are important. When an insurer underwrite worksite products, there are three kinds of underwriting methods. These are Simplified issue underwriting, Full underwriting and Guaranteed issue underwriting. Simplified issue underwriting typically requires no medical examination, but usually requires supplying satisfactory answers to one or several health and/or lifestyle questions. Full underwriting requires a complete medical history questionnaire that may further require an exam. Guaranteed issue underwriting means that coverage is issued without the employee having to provide evidence of insurability. When insurer set the GI limit are usually based on the type of industry, number of eligible employees, the average amount of coverage and participation level. In addition to insurer should have a clear definition of eligible employee on the insurance provision and application form. It will minimize possibility of trouble claims and anti-selection. An insurer also establish preexisting condition exclusion and special guidelines for late entrants. When an insurer introduce Worksite marketing to Korean insurance market, an insurer has to examine market research to analyze potential market and strategy of sales most of all. Also an insurer should review real situation of the U.S, England and Japanese market etc. There are a lot of new technologies about worksite marketing process that an insurer should learn. When an insurer consider many things which we explained it can be a real alternative.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.254-263
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• 2016

지금까지 완전탈구된 치아의 예후에 대해 많은 연구가 발표되었으나, 국내의 소아와 청소년을 대상으로 한 추적 조사 연구는 거의 없다. 이에 본 연구에서는 6-14세 환자 142명의 재식치 184개를 대상으로 전자의무기록지와 치근단 방사선 사진을 평가함으로써 재식된 영구 절치의 치유와 예후에 영향을 미치는 인자에 대해 분석하였다. 재식치의 치근 발육 단계가 낮을수록 치수의 재혈관화 가능성이 높았다. 구외 시간이 60분 이상인 경우 염증성 치근 흡수의 발생률은 미성숙 치아에서 높게 나타났으며, 대치성 치근 흡수의 발생률은 성숙 치아에서 높게 나타났다. 20일 이상 경과하여 발수한 경우 염증성 치근 흡수의 발생률이 증가하였으며, 대치성 치근 흡수에 비해 염증성 치근 흡수가 생존 기간의 감소에 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 치근의 발육 단계와 재식치의 생존 기간 간에 상관관계는 없었으나, 대치성 치근 흡수가 발생한 경우 미성숙 치아의 생존 기간은 성숙 치아에 비해 짧았다. 본 연구는 장기간의 추적 조사를 통해 수행한 연구로서, 완전탈구된 치아의 치료 지침과 예후 평가에 대한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1317-1320
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• 2012

Biliary tract cancers, broadly described as malignancies that arise from the biliary tract epithelia, are usually divided into two major clinical phenotypes: cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer, differing in etiopathogenesis, risk factors, and perhaps molecular and genetic signatures. Atypical symptoms and lack of tumor biomarkers make it difficult to diagnose in early stages. At the time of presentation, few patients are candidates for potentially curative surgical resection. We here assessed and compared features of a total of 150 cases divided into extra- and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas and gallbladder cancers (GBC). Althought there were no significant differences in serum tumour marker levels, GBC patients had the poorest prognosis. Furthermore, gallbladder cancer respond poorly to chemotherapy or radiation therapy and approximately half of untreated patients died within 10 months. Therefore, treatment for patients with gallbladder cancer is still in challenge. Outcomes and survival of these patients had improved little over the past three decades - a period in which new successful treatments have greatly contributed to the prolonged patient survival for many other cancers.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.59-59
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• 2017

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important crop and its yield must be improved to feed the increasing global population. Recently developed high-yielding varieties with extra-large sink capacity often have a problem in unstable grain-filling. Therefore, understanding limiting factors for improving grain-filling and controlling them are essential for further improvement of rice grain yield. However, since grain-filling rate was determined by complex sink-source balance, the ability of grain-filling was very difficult to evaluate. Source ability for 'grain' was not only determined by the ability of carbon assimilation in leaves, but also that of carbon translocation from leaves to panicles. Sink strength was determined by the complex carbon metabolism from sucrose degradation to starch synthesis. Hence, to evaluate the grain-filling ability and determine its regulatory steps, the whole picture of carbon flow from photosynthesis at leaves to starch synthesis at grains must be revealed in a metabolite level. In this study, the yield and grain growth rate of three high-yielding varieties, which show high sink capacity commonly, were compared. Momiroman showed lower grain filling rate and slower grain growth rate than the other varieties, Hokuriku 193 and Tequing. To clarify the limiting point in the carbon flow of Momiroman, $CO_2$ labeled by stable isotope ($^{13}C$) was fed to three varieties during ripening period. The ratio of $^{13}C$ left in the stem was higher in Momiroman 24 hours after feeding, suggesting inefficient carbon translocation of Momiroman. More interestingly, $^{13}C$ translocation from soluble fraction to insoluble one in the grain seemed to be slower in Momiroman. To get the further insight in a metabolite level, we are now trying the $^{13}C$ labeling metabolome analysis in the developing grains.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.3-8
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• 2011

최근 지도제공 서비스 업체 및 각 포털 사이트가 일반 사용자를 위한 3차원 가상도시 모델 서비스에 참여하면서 그 수요가 확대되고 있다. 또한 웹이나 모바일 장비로 이러한 3차원 정보를 제공하게 되면서 자료의 정확도 및 전송속도, 시간의 흐름에 따른 갱신이 더욱 중요한 요소로 부각되고 있다. 웹으로 3차원 자료를 제공하는 다양한 기술중에서 VRML은 간단한 플러그인 설치를 통하여 별도의 비용이 없이 웹상에 제공할 수 있기 때문에 가장 많이 사용되고 있다. LiDAR 시스템은 공간자료를 손쉽고 정밀하게 취득할 수 있는 이점이 있어 다방면으로 연구와 활용이 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 일반적으로 LiDAR 자료는 객체의 3차원 정보를 불규칙한 점군 형태로 취득하므로, 자료를 변환없이 3차원 형태로 화면에 나타내기 위해서는 많은 연산 처리를 필요로 하게 되므로 높은 사양의 처리 프로세서와 많은 양의 저장공간이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 도심지역 LiDAR 자료를 압축하고 네트워크를 통하여 3차원으로 제공하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이때 LiDAR 자료의 저장공간 및 처리속도 문제를 위하여, 압축 알고리즘을 적용한 2차원 격자 형태의 자료로 압축하는 알고리즘을 활용하였다. 또한 3차원 표현을 위하여 압축된 LiDAR 자료를 VRML에 적합한 코드로 변환하는 알고리즘을 개발하여 도심지역을 3차원 형식으로 표현하는 기법을 제시하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.172-183
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• 2002

This study is going to compare the degree of color change which occurs in the following two cases of the factors which cause the color change of extra-staining, one is during glazing by the dental technician, the other is tooth brush abrasion which makes the biggest influence on color change. To compare the degree of color change before and after glazing, a sample was made with vintage incisal porcelain No. 59 OPAL(Shofu Inc, Japan), after that it was painted with three colors of porcelain stainers, then the degree of color was measured with a spectrophometer(Model Chromaview 300, Spectoron Tech Co. Korea) after it had been treated with firing only and glazing after firing 40,000-cycle and 80,000-cycle of tooth brush abrasion test were carried out in order to simulate the brushing effect of 4 years and 8 years by using the abrasion tester. The colors were measured before the test, and after the 40,000-cycle and 80.000-cycle operations and the surfaces were examined by SEM. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The color change before and after glazing was not great enough to have a clinical significance but the orange color was changed more significantly statistically than the blue and light brown(p<0.05). 2. In the case of the color change of stained porcelain by tooth brushing, carrying out staining and glazing with two-times firings resulted in statically less color change than one firing only(p<0.05). 3. In the case of the difference in the stainer's color, the orange color which has higher chroma was statically more sensitive than the blue color(p<0.05) 4. In the case of the color change after the 80,000-cycle abrasion, all showed color change when there was one firing and the orange stainer showed some color change with clinical significance when firings were done two times.