• 대한한의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.107-120
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• 2012

Objectives: Clinically, patients with dyspepsia often complain of several gastrointestinal (GI) and extra-GI symptoms. However, there have been few studies investigating the relationship between GI symptoms and extra-GI symptoms. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical features of the 991 outpatients with GI and extra-GI symptom and the relationships between GI and extra-GI symptoms. Methods: 991 patients newly visiting Weedahm Oriental Hospital for GI symptoms were included. Those who had disorders caused by the hepatobiliary-pancreatic system were excluded. The 991 outpatients were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire inquiring about demography, past medical history, past institutional care, GI symptoms and extra-GI symptoms. Results: Among 991 patients, 780 (78.7%) had more than three GI symptoms and 451 (45.5%) had more than five. Among 991 patients, 545 (55.0%) had more than three extra-GI symptoms and 285 (28.8%) had more than five. There was a statistically significant correlation between GI symptoms and extra-GI symptoms such as headache, fatigue, forgetfulness, eyeball pain, unrest, dizziness, muscle pain, chest pain, and dyspnea. Conclusions: We found that there was statistically significant correlation between GI symptoms and extra-GI symptoms, which suggests the possibility of main common pathophysiology between GI symptoms and extra-GI symptoms. Further studies will be required to elucidate the main common pathophysiology between GI symptoms and extra-GI symptoms.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to inquire clinical meaning and characteristic of Eight extra meridians(奇經八脈) by researching building and progression of Eight extra meridians theory. Results : As a result of research of building and progression of Eight extra meridians(奇經八脈) theory, we can regard that the origin of Eight extra meridians was based on lower Danjeon(丹田) which was the root of Primordial energy and the origin of the Twelve meridians and collaterals(十二經脈) was based on Middle energizer which was the root of Acquired energy. On this, we could know that Eight extra meridians and the Twelve meridians and collaterals are based on Primordial energy and Acquired energy and function of Eight extra meridians and the Twelve meridians and collaterals are complement each other. So, we can say that considering the Twelve meridians and collaterals means that is valued on Acquired energy clinically, and considering Eight extra meridians means that is valued on Primordial energy in health preserving method (養生).

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.27-40
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• 2003

The Purpose of this paper was to study the uses of the extra activity classroom of elementary school and the satisfaction of the students. The SPSS 10.0 for windows was used to analyze data collected from 397 elementary school students in Kunsan and Seocheon. The results were as follows: (1) More than 2/3 students have experienced special activities. The extra activity classroom was not effectively used showing less than one or two hours use a week for the lecture and extra activities. (2) Generally the students were satisfied at the condition of extra activity classroom, but dissatisfied with the degree of the independence, of deterioration, and of safety while moving. That is because the building and its equipment were old, and soundproofing and safety establishments were not well equipped. (3) There was difference between schools. Students at city had more satisfaction than at county. (4) The most important item of extra activity classroom was esthetics followed by function, safeness. and healthiness. It shows that the important item is being moved to esthetics and healthiness from function of extra activity classroom.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.199-211
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• 2017

분석 결과 밝혀진 주요 사실들은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개방결혼인식, 성역할고정관념, 혼외관계 수용성, 성적외도 실행의도 등에서 남성이 여성보다 유의하게 높은 수준을 보여 성별차이를 재확인하였다. 둘째, 남성의 경우, 성역할고정관념, 개방결혼인식, 혼외관계수용성은 성적외도실행의도에 각각 직접적인 효과를 미쳤고, 혼외관계수용성은 결혼개방성인식이 성적외도 실행의도에 미치는 영향에 유의미한 부분매개효과가 있는 것이 입증되었다. 성역할고정관념은 혼외관계 수용성에 직접적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지는 않았다. 셋째, 여성의 경우 성역할고정관념, 개방결혼에 대한 인식, 혼외관계수용성은 성적외도 실행의도에 각각 직접적인 효과를 미쳤고, 혼외관계 수용성은 결혼개방성인식이 성적 외도실행에 미치는 영향에 유의미한 부분매개효과가 있는 것이 입증되었다. 성역할고정관념이 혼외관계 수용성에 유의한 직접효과가 발견되었다. 따라서 성역할 고정관념이 성적외도 실행의도에 미치는 영향에 있어서 성별에 의한 유의한 조절효과가 있음이 확인되었다. 성적 외도실행의도 및 관련요인에 대한 성별차이를 실증적으로 입증하면서, 함의를 논의하였다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.376-385
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• 2016

본 연구는 장애인가구 추가비용의 지역별 차이를 분석하여 지역특성을 반영한 추가비용 보전 급여액 산정의 근거를 마련하는데 있다. '2011년 장애인실태조사' 와 '2011년 지방자치단체 장애인예산' 자료 결합하여 추가비용의 지역별 차이를 분석하기 위해서 집단별 평균비교분석을 실시하였다. 추가비용이 가장 높은 지역은 인천광역시였으며, 추가비용 보전이 가장 높은 지역은 서울특별시로 나타났다. 장애인 예산 비율이 가장 높은 지역은 대전광역시였으며, 장애인 1인당 예산이 가장 높은 지역은 제주특별자치도로 나타났다. 두 집단 평균비교(t-test) 결과, 추가비용 보전이 높은 집단은 추가비용 보전이 낮은 집단에 비해서 장애인 예산 비율과 장애인 1인당 예산이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 정책제언으로 첫째, 지역별 특성에 맞는 추가비용 보전 급여액의 증액 둘째, 지방자치단체의 장애인예산 및 장애인 1인당 예산 증액 셋째, 추가비용 항목에 따른 추가비용 지출 감소를 위한 대책을 마련하여야 한다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.49-67
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• 2014

Subject : The Association between Extraordinary Organs(奇恒之腑) and Eight Extra Meridians(奇經 八脈). Objectives : This study research some special aspects of Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians which differentiated from ordinary Organs and Meridians, and the association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians. Methods : First, researched classification standard and physiological characteristics of Extraordinary Organs through studying various chapters of HuangdiNeijing. Second, researched The Association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians through studying on the origin of Eight Extra Meridians in HuangdiNeijing. Third, from accompanying researching the subject of Cheon-gye(天癸) and human body shape, draw synthetic hypothesis on the relationship among ordinary Meridians and Organs, muscles and skins of body shape, Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians. Results & Conclusions : The following conclusions could be drawn. 1. Extraordinary Organs afford background for shaping human body. This is same as the properties of the earth which afford background for shaping all creations. The physiological characteristics of Extraordinary Organs is intermediation and regulation between Ki(氣) of Five Viscera & six Bowels and shape of muscles & skins in human body. 2. The origin of Eight Extra Meridians could be found in HuangdiNeijing. The collateral Meridians of the Uterus and Epiglottis Meridian are specifically formulated to supplying for the Uterus or Epiglottis. From this we can draw The Association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians, that is Eight Extra Meridians are specifically formulated to supplying for Extraordinary Organs. 3. The Cheon-gye(天癸) is doing significant function in Eight Extra Meridians supplying for Extraordinary Organs. Cheon-gye concerned to growth, secondary sexual characters, generative function, aging process. Theses are all concerned with the changing of human body shape. Cheon-gye urge to change the body shape with following the human life cycle. 4. Human body has vertical symmetry because preserve its shape from the gravitational force. Eight Extra Meridians place at the middle or flank axis of human body, thus do physiological function that assistant human body have vertical symmetry shape. The purpose of shaping vertical symmetry is securing space what the inner Twelve Regular Meridians and Five Viscera & six Bowels create there own physical changes. On the other hand the inner changes need deviation between left and right because of mobility and circulation of force. But human body change the shape in the process of growth, reproduction, aging. Eight Extra Meridians play role at time of these processing, thus they deeply concerned to human's life cycle and reproduction. 5. Eight Extra Meridians and Extraordinary Organs were named 'Extra' because of some special aspects which differentiated from ordinary Meridians and Organs. All they play role to have vertical symmetry shape of human body and maintain the shape, thus they deeply concerned to the change of human life cycle. These shaping maintaining and the change of human life cycle are very special aspects of human body. So they needed to differently cognize separate to the ordinary changes of Five Viscera & six Bowels and Twelve Meridians at inner space.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.71-87
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• 2013

Subject : The physiological characteristic of Eight Extra Meridians. Objective : This study research physiological characteristic of Eight Extra Meridians that differentiate from the physiological characteristic of Twelve Regular Meridians. Method : First, we researched the meaning of "There are Eight Extra Meridians and they don't be arrested by Twelve Regular Meridians" in Nanjing 27Nan compared with the contents of regular Meridians circulation in Huangdineijing. Second, we studied on the origin of Eight Extra Meridians and researched their route. Third, from these researches we drew some physiological characteristics of Eight Extra Meridians. Conclusion : In Huangdineijing, the regular Meridians circulation include the route of Governor Meridian, Conception Meridian, and Heel Meridian. So the sentence in Nanjing 27Nan is contradictory to the contents of Huangdineijing. The origin of Eight Extra Meridians could be found in Huangdineijing. The collateral Meridians of the Uterus and Epiglottis Meridian are specifically formulated to supplying for the Uterus or Epiglottis. Eight Extra Meridians have third qualities of Meridian, collateral Meridian, and the solid viscera keep the Essence Gi, so named 'Extra'. And they have an intimate association with Extraordinary Organs. They place at the middle axis of human body, thus do higher physiological function that control and regulate the function of Twelve Regular Meridians and Five Viscera & six Bowels for adaptation to the environment.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2006

Objectives : The Comparative Study Of The Eight Extra Meridians And The Primitive Meridians Will Improve The Understanding Of The Relationship Between Meridians And The Eight Extra Meridians, Which Ultimately Will illuminate The Origins Of Meridians. Methods Books From The Pre-Han And Han Dynasty, As Well As Publications Concerning Meridians And The Eight Extra Meridians Were Utilized. Results : Pathways Of The Eight Extra Meridians And The Primitive Meridians Travel Independently Without Connection With Other Meridians, And Have No Obvious Link With The Five Vital Organs And The Six Viscera. Additionally, The Terminology Of Both Meridians Is Similar, And Travel From Bottom To Top. Conclusion : The Eight Extra Meridians Have Several Similarities With The Primitive Meridians. Therefore, The Eight Extra Meridians May Be An Important Area To Investigate In The Future.

• 턱관절균형의학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this review is to investigate the relationship between the extra meridians and the temporomandibular joint. Methods: Literature review on the eight extra meridians and theoretical considerations were performed with a focus on the relationship with the temporomandibular joint. Results: Extra meridians are crucial in the maintenance of the balance of the whole body, especially the structural balance of the anterior-posterior, left-right, superior-inferior, and interior-exterior regions. The foundation of extra meridians occurs in the lower abdominal area and the innate qi. Conclusions: Extra meridians are important players in the maintenance of the balance and harmony within the body, and may function cooperatively with the temporomandibula joint in its role to maintain the yinyang balance within the body.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2007

Objectives : Extra Meridians are important conception for the proper comprehension of the defensive Gi & the defensive Gi, and the principle of the Gi (氣)‘s flow or diffusion. Methods : Extra Meridians could be explained by an anatomical feature and a functional stage. We should analyze the principle of samhap (三合) to have application to meridians. The study of the relationship between Extra Meridians and regular meridians (12正經) is useful to understand origination of the defensive Gi & the nutritive Gi. Results : The origination of the nutritive Gi & the defensive Gi could be interpreted by the principle of samhap correctly. The energic patterns in the flow of Gi (氣) are changed by cooperation with Extra Meridians and regular meridians (12正經). Conclusions : We could inferred that growth, disease, health, etc are controlled in cooperation with Extra Meridians (寄經脈) and the nutritive Gi & the defensive Gi (營衛). Extra Meridians take many parts in origination of the nutritive Gi & the defensive Gi, in the flow or diffusion of them but various energies are controlled basically by regular meridians (12正經). The defensive Gi is originated by Penetration Vessel (衝脈)) and it seems to be made by the principle of samhap (三合) in the process of the nutritive Gi flow (瀯氣流注).