• 아동학회지
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.289-304
• /
• 2007

Subjects of this study on reading motivation were 300 2nd, 4th, and 6th grade elementary school children. Instruments were the Motivation for Reading Questionnaire (Wigfield and Guthrie 1997; Kwun, 2002) and a School Reading Environment questionnaire developed by the researcher. Results showed that (1) the school reading environment (SRE) of 2nd graders was better than the SRE of 4th and 6th graders. (2) The reading motivation (RM) of 2nd graders was higher than the RM of 4th graders on external purposes; the RM of 4th graders was higher than 6th graders on self-efficacy and social interaction. (3) RM correlated positively with all aspects of SRE. (4) RM was affected by grade in school followed by school library environment and classroom library environment.

• 대한관절경학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.162-166
• /
• 2005

목적: 이 논문의 목적은 후방 십자 인대와 함께 후 외방 구조물을 동반 재건한 경우의 결과를 분석하여 보고하고자 함이다. 대상 및 방법: 동종 아킬레스건을 이용하여 후방 십자인대 및 후 외방 구조물을 동반 재건하였던 10예를 대상으로 하였으며 평균 추시 기간은 25개월 이였다. 각각의 경우에서 수술 전 후방 불안정성의 정도를 측정하기 위해 KT-2000 관절계, 후방 전위 검사을 실시하였으며 후 외방 구조물 동반 손상에 의한 회전 불안정성을 진단하기 위해 경골 외회전 검사를 실시하였다. 환자의 주관적 평가는 Tegner, Lysholm score를 측정하여 최종 추시 시의 측정치와 비교하였다. 결과: 수술 전 KT-2000 측정치는 평균 7.1mm, 후방 전위 검사는 모든 예에서 Grade 3이였으며 경골 외 회전 검사상 슬관절 30도 및 90 도 굴곡 상태에서 모두 양성 반응을 보였다. Lysholm score는 평균 65.9. Tegner score는 평균 3.1이였다. 최종 추시 시 KT-2000 측정치는 평균 2.2 mm, 후방 전위 검사상 Grade 0이 2예, Grade 1이 4예, Grade 2가 3예, Grade 3가 1예였으며 경골 외회전 검사상 슬관절 30도 및 90 도 굴곡 상태에서 모두 양성으로 측정되었던 예는 1예였으며 90도에서만 양성으로 측정되었던 예는 2예였다. Lysholm score는 평균 87.6, Tegner score는 평균 5.7로 수술 전에 비해 주관적 객관적 평가 모두에서 호전되었다. 결론: 동종 아킬레스건을 이용한 관절경하 후방 십자 인대 및 후 외방 구조물은 재건은 후방 및 후 외방 회전 불안정성이 있는 환자에서 좋은 수술적 치료 방법중의 하나로 생각된다.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제38권10호
• /
• pp.15-26
• /
• 2000

This study was to investigate cross-situational consistency in copings and copings according to an internal/external locus of control. The subjects were 489 the sixth grade children selected from seven elementary schools in Seoul. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and ANOVA Major findings were that (1) Correlations among corresponding copings across stress situations-such as parents, friend-alienation, friend-conflict, and loaming related stress situations- ranged from r=.27 to r=.67, reflecting cross-situational consistency in copings. (2) Generally, children with an internal locus of control used more active coping behaviors, but used less passive and aggressive coping behaviors than children with an external locus of control in stress situations.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.73-78
• /
• 2008

The fire hazards and combustion heat of puzzle mats in group day care home were analysed using variable external irradiation level. The fire hazards such as ignition time, ignition temperature, mass loss rate, and flame temperature profile were measured. Incident heat fluxes of $15kW/m^2$, $20kW/m^2$, $25kW/m^2$, $35kW/m^2$, $50kW/m^2$ and $75kW/m^2$ were selected for these experiments. All samples were tested in the horizontal orientation and were wrapped in a single layer of aluminium foil. Each sample was nominally 20mm thick and 100mm square. Five samples of puzzle mat were tested in the study : Type A, B, C, D and E. Type A, B and C are all general grades whereas Type D and E are both Flame retardant grades. As results, Type E of FR-grade showed the best characteristics in safety of the early fire from ignition time, critical heat flux, and ignition and flame temperature data of this study. All specimen of G-grade(Type A, B and C), however, showed the weak in safety of fire.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제9권10호
• /
• pp.169-177
• /
• 2022

The main aim of the paper is to assess the level of financial literacy among business students. It further aims to investigate the role of external factors that may determine financial literacy. The external factors considered in this study are gender, grade point average, specialization, financial education, and financial socialization. Standard scales such as the Test of Financial Literacy, the Big Three, and other instruments were adapted to measure Financial Knowledge. Further, the study also explored relationships between several factors and the financial knowledge of students. These factors included a student's gender, specialization, number of finance or related courses studied, current Grade Point Average, and financial socialization. A total number of 303 valid responses were received through an online questionnaire administered to business students studying in a public university in the country. Statistical tests namely independent samples t-Test, one-way ANOVA, and correlation analysis were performed in SPSS 28.0. Results show that the overall financial knowledge of students is above average. Gender, number of finance or related courses, and financial socialization do not exhibit any significant relationship with financial knowledge. Current GPA and specialization show significant relationships. The findings of this study have important sectoral and research implications.

• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.61-75
• /
• 2020

이 연구에서는 2015 개정 교육과정 7학년 과학의 물질 영역인 '기체의 성질'과 '물질의 상태 변화' 단원에 제시된 외적 표상을 분석하여 표상을 활용한 과학교육을 위한 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 표상의 유형, 표면적 특성의 해석, 본문과의 관련성, 캡션의 존재와 특성, 복합적 표상에서 표상 간 관련성, 표상의 기능의 여섯 가지 범주로 구성된 분석틀을 이용하여 다섯 종의 교과서에 나타난 표상의 특성을 분석하였다. 또한, '기체의 성질'과 '물질의 상태 변화' 단원의 성취기준을 설명하는 각 교과서에 제시된 대표적인 표상의 특징을 분석하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 표상의 유형에서는 거시적 표상이 가장 높은 빈도로 나타났으며, 표면적 특성의 해석 범주에서는 명시적 특성을 가진 표상의 빈도가 가장 높았다. 본문과의 관련성 범주의 분석 결과, 대부분의 표상이 완전한 연관성과 연결 또는 완전한 연관성과 비연결에 해당하여 표상과 본문 내용은 일관성 있게 연관되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 캡션의 존재와 특성 범주에서는 적절한 캡션이 존재하는 표상의 빈도가 가장 높았고, 복합적 표상에서 표상 간의 관련성은 충분히 연결된 표상이 대부분이었다. 표상의 기능 범주에서는 완성형이 가장 높은 빈도를 보였으나 탐구 활동에 제시된 표상에서는 미완성형이 높은 빈도를 나타냈다. 성취기준과 관련된 대표적인 표상을 분석한 결과, 표상의 유형, 표상에 제시된 정보및 기호의 사용 등에서 교과서별로 차이를 나타냈다. 연구의 결과로부터 7학년 물질 영역의 표상 활용과 관련된 교육적 시사점을 논의하였다.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.103-116
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate between low back pain scale and disability index owing to gait pattern. For the period of February 1 to February 29, 2004, we had conducted a questionnaire and direct interview with 100 persons lived in Daejeon. The result were as follows: 1. The stride length of experimental group. the male was $49.9{\pm}12.9cm$. the female $45.7{\pm}12.9cm$ and the width of feet, the male was $13.5{\pm}5.7cm$, the female $12.2{\pm}4.8cm$. 2. The Fick angle of all subjects was showed in external disposition, the left angle showed in asymmetry, the male was $11.0{\pm}5.7^{\circ}$, the female $8.5{\pm}1.3^{\circ}$. 3. The foot arch was similar to sex as a weight bearing and non-weight bearing, the male was $1.3{\pm}0.8cm$, the female $1.3{\pm}0.9cm$. 4. The impedimental index according to back pain grade, men was a lower than women, the male was $5.7{\pm}6.9$ and the female $7.2{\pm}5.3$. 5. The relation to difference between foot arch and disability index according to back pain grade as a weight bearing and non-weight bearing, the higher foot arch, the higher back pain grade was statistically significance(p<.05). 6. The relation between width of feet and disability index according to back pain grade, the wider width of feet, the higher back pain grade was statistically significance(p<.01). 7. The relation between stride length and disability index according to back pain grade, the wider stride length, the higher back pain grade was statistically significance(p<.05).

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• 제8권5호
• /
• pp.388-395
• /
• 2016

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resistance to deformation under static overloading by measuring yield and fracture strength, and to analyze the failure characteristics of implant assemblies made of different titanium grades and connections. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Six groups of implant assemblies were fabricated according to ISO 14801 (n=10). These consisted of the combinations of 3 platform connections (external, internal, and morse tapered) and 2 materials (titanium grade 2 and titanium grade 4). Yield strength and fracture strength were evaluated with a computer-controlled Universal Testing Machine, and failed implant assemblies were classified and analyzed by optical microscopy. The data were analyzed using the One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test with the level of significance at P=.05. RESULTS. The group $IT4_S$ had the significantly highest values and group IT2 the lowest, for both yield strength and fracture strength. Groups $IT4_N$ and ET4 had similar yield and fracture strengths despite having different connection designs. Group MT2 and group IT2 had significant differences in yield and fracture strength although they were made by the same material as titanium grade 2. The implant system of the similar fixture-abutment interfaces and the same materials showed the similar characteristics of deformation. CONCLUSION. A longer internal connection and titanium grade 4 of the implant system is advantageous for static overloading condition. However, it is not only the connection design that affects the stability. The strength of the titanium grade as material is also important since it affects the implant stability. When using the implant system made of titanium grade 2, a larger diameter fixture should be selected in order to provide enough strength to withstand overloading.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 2015

원지반에서의 저품위 석탄층의 생물학적 메탄 생산을 위한 기초연구를 수행하였다. 인도네시아산 갈탄을 시료로 이용하였으며, 조건을 달리하여 BMP(Biochemical Methane Potential) 실험을 수행하였다. 갈탄에 영양물질과 혐기성 슬러지만 제공한 경우, 온도(23, $30^{\circ}C$)나 석탄의 입자크기는 메탄가스 생산에 영향을 주지 않았다. 이는 가용한 용해성 유기물질이 낮기 때문이다. 외부탄소원으로 볏짚을 갈탄에 첨가한 후 BMP 실험을 수행하였으며, 60일간의 BMP 실험 후 볏짚 첨가에 의한 메탄가스 발생량은 94.4~110.4 mL/g VS이었다. BMP 실험 후 갈탄의 발열량은 볏짚 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 볏짚의 혐기성 분해와 함께 갈탄의 분해가 이루어졌음을 의미한다. 따라서 원지반에서의 저품위 석탄층의 생물학적 메탄 생산의 초기 운전 시에 볏짚을 탄소원으로 사용할 수 있다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제50권4호
• /
• pp.317-321
• /
• 2011

Objective : External ventricular drain (EVD) is commonly performed with a freehand technique using surface anatomical landmarks at two different cranial sites, Kocher's point and the forehead. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the accuracy and safety of these percutaneous ventriculostomies. Methods : A retrospectively review of medical records and head computed tomography scans were examined in 227 patients who underwent 250 freehand pass ventriculostomy catheter placements using two different methods at two institutions, between 2003 and 2009. Eighty-one patients underwent 101 ventriculostomies using Kocher's point (group 1), whereas 146 patients underwent 149 forehead ventriculostomies (group 2). Results : In group 1, the catheter tip was optimally placed in either the ipsilateral frontal horn or the third ventricle, through the foramen of Monro (grade 1) in 82 (81.1%) procedures, in the contralateral lateral ventricle (grade 2) in 4 (3.9%), and into eloquent structures or non-target cerebrospinal space (grade 3) in 15 (14.8%). Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) >1 mL developed in 5 (5.0%) procedures. Significantly higher incidences of optimal catheter placements were observed in group 2. ICH>1 mL developed in 11 (7.4 %) procedures in group 2, showing no significant difference between groups. In addition, the mean interval from the EVD to ventriculoperitoneal shunt was shorter in group 2 than in group 1, and the incidence of EVD-related infection was decreased in group 2. Conclusion : Accurate and safe ventriculostomies were achieved using both cranial sites, Kocher's point and the forehead. However, the forehead ventriculostomies provided more accurate ventricular punctures.