• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 2001

North Dakota State University (NDSU) Extension Service's purpose was to create a learning partnership that helped adults and youth enhance their lives and communities. NDSU Extension Service has maintained a strong blend of county, regional and state staff to support their program delivery. Experiment Station and Extension Service were integrated both in their job duties and at the administrative level. While researchers at the campus and center carried out both research and outreach activities with producers, Extension staff both at county and center carried out some research activities as well as outreach activities. The strong county-based Extension network was the main avenue for program delivery. Extension agents also provide programs on a multi-country basis. Program planning includes county advisory councils, multi-county advisory councils, support groups, and commodity groups, such as farmers and business people. Planning was used to shape their long-range plan of work along with adjustments to their annual activities. Funding of the NDSU Extension Service has been a blend of federal, state, and county dollars. In the past few years, grant dollars and agency partnerships have increased. Local input into extension programs, combined with support and funding from state and federal partners, enabled the extension service to truly meet the needs of people.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.137-151
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• 2003

The objectives of this study were to examine subject matter topics researched in agricultural extension over a ten year period, to analyze the research methods in detail, and to get some implications for the academic progress of agricultural extension. The data were collected from 197 journal articles published in the Korean Journal of Agricultural Extension from 1994 through 2003. Among them, research topics and methods were analyzed specifically on 123 articles categorized as agricultural extension. Data were summarized using frequencies and percentages. The conclusions acquired from this study were as follows. First of all, the research on agricultural extension had been increased since the 1970s, and it still has not decreased till now. Secondly, the research also has indicated the direction of development from a broad point of view by analyzing the reality at a general level. Therefore, much remains to be done for investigating the reality more scientifically and establishing the theories on the agricultural extension by explaining the reality with many theories from other studies. Thirdly, the study on the agricultural extension mostly has been led by the professors and the agricultural extension workers. Fourth, the study has been focused on macro sides such as extension philosophy, extension systems, extension structure, extension organization and so on. Fifth, the research also has been carried out on the agricultural extension workers and farmers. Finally, most of the research methods were library survey and survey research.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.655-684
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to review on the characteristics of the Agricultural Research-Extension Systems in the USA, Japan, and the Netherlands, and to draw up its implications on Korean agricultural extension system. This study was conducted by literature reviews. Based on the reviews, the following implications and recommendations should be considered at national and local level for improvement of agricultural extension system in Korea; (1) a systemic approach on the linkages of agricultural research, extension, and farmer education, (2) strengthening on-farm utilization of newly developed agricultural technology so as to promote agricultural research and development, (3) strategic partnership with agricultural administration, (4) close networking with stake-holders, (5) setting up the flexible organizational structure for carry out agricultural extension programs, (6) integration of agricultural extension service domain, (7) introduce a IPM(integrated performance management) system, (8) establish a long-term super-vision and strategic management, (9) setting up the customer-centered extension system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.686-697
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• 2016

The present research investigates the reciprocal effects of a previous brand extension and follower brand extension's market performance on a parent brand of a follower brand's extension product using 2(previous brand extension's market performance: success vs. failure)${\times}$2(follower brand extension's market performance: success vs. failure) between-subjects factorial design. The verification of the hypothesis is composed through 2-way ANOVA. As a result, the consumers' evaluation of the parent brand of a follower brand's extension product when the follower brand's extension succeed was more positive when the previous brand's extension has failed. However, when the follower brand's extension has failed, the consumers' evaluation of the parent brand of a follower brand's extension product was more negative when the previous brand's extension has succeeded.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.393-398
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• 1997

Korean agricultural extension services faces a challange due to decentralization. In order to develop agricultural extension services the various aspects must be considered. Especially extension program planning in based on needs, concerns and problems of extension service's clientele. Program development keep in tune with local needs and problems. Programs should be based on a thorough analysis of facts relevant to a given situation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.39-45
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• 2019

PURPOSE: We investigated the most effective way to activate the posterior oblique sling muscles by performing prone hip extension exercises. METHODS: An electromyography system was used to measure the activation of the posterior oblique sling muscles (latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus, multifidus, and biceps femoris) in three different prone hip extension exercises of in 12 healthy individuals (6 men and 6 women): 1) prone hip extension, 2) prone hip extension with internal rotation and extension of the arm, and 3) prone hip extension with internal rotation and extension of the arm with a 1-Ib dumbbell. RESULTS: The overall muscular activation of the posterior oblique sling muscles was more increased when performing 1) prone hip extension with internal rotation and 2) prone hip extension with internal rotation and extension of the arm with a 1-Ib dumbbell as compared with that during prone hip extension except for the biceps femoris activation. There was a statistically significant difference in the activities of the contralateral multifidi among all three exercises; of the ipsilateral multifidi in PHE1) prone hip extension alone, PHE2) prone hip extension with internal rotation and extension of the arm and PHE3) prone hip extension with internal rotation and extension of the arm with 1-Ib dumbbell; and of the ipsilateral gluteus maximus among all the prone hip extension exercises. There was no significant difference in the activity of the biceps femoris among the three exercises. CONCLUSION: Prone hip extension with internal rotation and with internal rotation and extension of the arm with 1-Ib dumbbell can activate the posterior oblique sling muscles and so prevent back pain in healthy people.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2022

Background: A spinal extension and intensive rehabilitation program reduced the symptoms and pain of kyphosis, and improved function. Objects: This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of a spine extension device on the degree of thoracic kyphosis and extension angles, confirm reduction of the kyphosis angle and an increase in flexibility. Methods: Thirteen adults were enrolled in the experiment, using the spine extension device, which was set to passively extend the spine. The angle between the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra and the spinous process of the twelfth thoracic vertebra was measured by dual inclinometer before and after using the spine extension device. Results: In the static posture, the thoracic kyphosis decreased after using the spine extension device in the thoracic extension posture, and there was a significant difference (p < 0.05); thoracic extension angle increased with statistical significance (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, the thoracic kyphosis angle and thoracic extension angle of the subjects before and after using spine extension device was compared and analyzed, which proved that the spine extension device can effectively improve the mobility of spinal extension.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.101-119
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• 2000

Agricultural Extension Services in Korea have accomplished a significant role in self- sufficiency of rice, a national staple food, through green revolution in 1970's; supplying green vegetables even during the winter season through white revolution in 1980's; and establishing technical agriculture by organizing rural leaders and 4-H members. In 1990s changes were made in international situations under the Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations and inauguration of the World Trade Organization. This was followed by localization of the extension staffs and the functions of extension services in Korea changed dramatically from national government to local governments. Thus, a weakened national function resulted in loosening of the linkages of research and extension in central government and local extension offices. Difficulties were reported in diffusion of new agricultural technology and efficient management of extension personnel. Developmental tasks for better extension services for the 21st century in Korea would include recovering national functions of agricultural extension, and developing a new paradigm for extension service. This should include the following measures; 1) Cooperative extension service should be adapted to involve national as well as local governments and non-government organization. 2) The target groups for extension services should be expanded to include farmers, noel residents as well as urban consumers. 3) The role of the extension service should cover agricultural technological diffusion of innovations as well as managerial skills and leadership development for rural organizations. 4) Extension services should be introduced to small farmers as well as consultation services for advanced farms. Diversified approaches should be employed for mama effective services. 5) Pre-service as well as in-service education should be offered to secure better extension educators equipped with knowledge, understanding and abilities on agricultural technology, information, agricultural philosophy, instructional methods and communication skills.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.279-290
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• 2004

This study aims to explore the benefits and extension's role with farmers' markets in USA. This study was conducted by literature review and case study. They help establish connections between consumers and food producers, provide an additional income source for farmers. and in general, serve as a tool for community development. First, from education to advocacy, from research to advising, extension educators have multiple roles to play in promoting the growth of farmers' markets. Second, it is essential that extension engage others who are interested in seeing the markets succeed and create opportunities for such groups to make the market unique in their given communities. Third, extension promotes farmers' markets through the creation and dissemination of how-to publications. These publications typically include tips about having a market establishing a prominent and easily accessible market location, and offering a sufficient product variety to ensure consumer satisfaction. Fourth, efforts by extension offices are already paying off for consumers, vendors, and communities. Involving those who will purchase as well as produce the foods sold at who will purchase as well as produce the foods sold at farmers' markets should diversify the audience extension educators reach. Fifth, extension educators can aid in this effort by encouraging farmers' market vendors to diversify their of offerings and to produce and sell value-added products. Sixth, many extension offices offer guides to the direct marketing venues in their counties, such as farmers' markets, pick your own operations, roadside stands, and community supported apiculture farms. Once such a guide is produced. extension educators can distribute it at workshops and inform local media about the guide so that they can publicize it. Seventh, extension educators should seek to involve those groups who can collaborators could include community economic development organizations, consumer groups, churches, food banks, land preservation organizations, school, farmers' organizations, and other community groups. Eighth, extension educators can also contribute to the improvement of existing markets by offering workshops for vendors in business management, advertizing, marketing, bookkeeping, personnel management, and food preservation. Ninth, farmer's market also provide an opportunity for extension to have face-to face communication with farmers. Tenth, if farmers' markets are well managed, these markets can provide economic, nutritive, educational, social and psychological benefits to venders and the community.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.247-254
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• 2000

Since 1997, Korean government changed the status of extension educators from central government staff to county/city government staff for the sake of democratization and localization, regardless of opposition of academic society of extension professionals. Localization of extension educators followed by government restructuring in Korea, resulted various problems, such as 1) Decreased morale and number of extension educators, thus weakening the extension educational function, 2) Weakened linkages between national and local extension offices, 3) Less opportunity for in-service edition of extension educators, 4) Weakened linkages between agricultural research and extension, etc. During the last 30 years, extension services have helped Korean farmers in achieving self sufficiency of rice and year around supply of green vegetables by diffusion of vinyl house technology. Various problems after three years of localization of extension educators were discussed between announcer of radio KBS and a professor of extension in an interview format, and it was concluded that national efforts should be needed to restore morale of extension educators to continually achieve the national goals of food production, balanced national development and preservation of environment, at the same time to meet increasing needs of farmers.