• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.1072-1077
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• 2007

Purpose : It has been described that the incidence of breastfeeding jaundice is 13% and that of breast milk jaundice is 2%. The incidence in Korea was believed to be higher, but there were no studies to prove this assumption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of jaundice of healthy breastfed full-term infants in Korea. Methods : 839 infants were enrolled who were admitted to the Postpartum Care Center of the Cheil General Hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2005, and were followed up for more than 7 days. Those infants were divided into 3 groups; Exclusive breastfeeding group; Partial breastfeeding group; Formula feeding group. If they became icteric, transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) was measured by research nurses with JM-103 Jaundice meter (Konica Minolta sensing, Inc., Osaka, Japan). Using this method we investigated the incidence of breast milk jaundice of healthy breastfed full-term infants. Results : There were no significant differences in sex, birth weight, Apgar score, or obstetric risk factors among 3 groups but there were higher rates of vaginal delivery in the exclusive breastfeeding group. The incidence of breast milk jaundice was 10.8% in the exclusive breastfeeding group and 4.4% in the partial breastfeeding group. The incidence of breast milk jaundice in the breastfed infants was 6.3%. The incidence was significantly higher in the exclusive breastfeeding group than in the partial breastfeeding group. Conclusion : The incidence of breast milk jaundice of healthy breastfed full-term infants was 6.3%. It was found that the incidence of breast milk jaundice was higher in this study than in other countries. But it was not a population-based study, so further study with the large sample sizes is needed.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2013

This study presents the influence on growth properties determined using a novel predictive growth model of wild-type Salmonella spp. KSC 101 by variations in the temperature and time during cut packaging in cold, uncooked pork meat. The experiment performed for model development included an arrangement of different temperatures ($0^{\circ}C$, $5^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, and $20^{\circ}C$) and time durations (0, 1, 2, and 3 hours) that reflect actual pork-cut and packaging processes. No growth was observed at $0^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$, whereas some growth was observed at $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, and $20^{\circ}C$, with a mean increase of only 0.34 log CFU/g. The growth observed at $20^{\circ}C$ was more robust than that observed at $15^{\circ}C$, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, compared with PMP (Pathogen Modeling Program), the wild-type Salmonella spp. KSC 101 showed a more rapid growth. We used the Gompertz 4 parameter equation as the primary model, and the exponential decay formula as the secondary model. The estimated $R^2$ values were 0.99 or higher. The developed model was evaluated by comparison of the experimental and predictive values, and the values were in agreement with the ${\pm}0.5$ log CFU/g, although the RMSE (Root mean square error) value was 0.103, which indicates a slight overestimation. Therefore, we suggest that the developed predictive growth model would be useful as a tool for evaluating sanitation criteria in pork cut-packaging processes.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.1324-1328
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• 2006

Purpose : The object of this study was to determine the difference between two methods for myocardial performance index(MPI) in children, using the conventional and pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Methods : A total of 27 children with anatomically normal hearts were enrolled for the study. all were examined by conventional and pulsed Doppler echocardiography at Gangneung Asan Hospital between December, 2005 and February, 2006. First, we measured the time interval(a1) between the mitral inflows from apical 4-chamber view, and the ejection time(ET1) from apical 5-chamber view. And then, we calculated MPI1, isovolumic contraction time(ICT1) and isovolumic relaxation time (IRT1). Secondly, we measured ICT2, ET2 and IRT2 from apical 5-chamber view with a Dopper signal placed at just below junction between mitral and aortic valve at the same cardiac cycle. And then, we calculated MPI2. We compared MPI1 to MPI2. All MPIs were calculated by using the formula, MPI=(ICT+IRT)/ET. Results : The mean age was $5.7{\pm}2.2years$ old(M:F=15:12). The MPI2 was higher than MPI1: $0.277{\pm}0.083$ vs. $0.428{\pm}0.081$(MPI1 vs MPI2, P=0.000). Also, the ICT2 was higher than ICT1: $56{\pm}15msec$ vs $97{\pm}18msec$(ICT1 vs ICT2, P=0.000) and the IRT2 was higher than IRT1: $42{\pm}8msec$ vs $53{\pm}9msec$(IRT1 vs IRT2, P=0.000). But, the ET2 was lower than ET1: $260{\pm}16msec$ vs $254{\pm}14msec$ (ET1 vs ET2, P=0.01). There was, as well, positive linear correlation between MPI1 and MPI2. Conclusion : This study showed that there is a difference between MPI1 and MPI2 in connection with estimating methods. However, the two MPIs had a positive linear correlation. Judging from our results, the MPI of the new method might be a useful index of venticular global function in children.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.454-458
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• 2003

Purpose : Rotavirus is the main cause of infantile diarrheal disease worldwide. The purpose of this study is to assess the difference between clinical manifestations and feeding or delivery methods in healthy full-term neonates and those with nosocomially-acquired rotaviral infection. Methods : The study was conducted on 348 babies who were delivered in Dongguk University Kyongju Hospital from Jan 1 to June 30 in 2001. Stool specimens were collected from clinically symptomatic neonates. We studied the rate of positive stool rotazyme ELISA tests and positive symptoms. We compared the frequency of clinical manifestations according to the feeding methods [breast feeding(BF) or formula feeding(FF)] and the delivery methods[normal vaginal delivery(NVD) or Cesarean section(C/sec)]. Results : Rotavirus was detected in 152 of 348 babies. The rate of positive rotazyme ELISA test was 43.7% in healthy full-term symptomatic neonates. The most common symptom of rotaviral enteritis was mild fever; the others were watery diarrhea, abdominal distension, vomiting, delayed weight gain, irritability, poor oral intake and dehydration. Compared with FF neonates, BF neonates have lower frequency of symptoms, especially watery diarrhea, delayed weight gain and poor oral intake. The symptomatic frequency was higher in FF and NVD neonates than BF and C/sec. Conclusion : The symptoms of rotaviral enteritis were less frequent in BF or C/sec delivered neonates. BF appeared to alleviate the rotaviral enteritis but further studies are needed. The cause of the lower frequency of symptoms in C/sec delivered neonates was unknown.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.3
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• pp.36-43
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• 1985

This study was conducted to find out the consumptive use of irrigated water for calculation of a duty of water in paddy rice. Tall statured Japonica rice variety is Jinju(late). Short statured Tongil varities-Taebaek(early) and Pungsan(medium) were planted on the experimental farm of kyungpook National University in 1983. The results obtained in this study were as follows : 1. The average temperature of the underwater surface was $27.1^{\circ}C$ and the maximum was recorded at beginning of the August. 2. The evapotranspiration was gradually increased after transplanting and showed the peak from booting to heading stage of rice varieties. The average evapotranspiration through the whole growing period was 8. 43mm/day(Jinju) for tall statured Japonica variety, and 7.78mm/day(Taebaek), 7.71mm/day(Pungsan) for short statured Tongil varieties. 3. The ratio of evapotranspiration to pan-evaporation through the whole growing period was 1.71 for Japonica variety and 1.55 for Tongil varieties. 4. K-value in Blaney & Criddle formula was 1.41 for Japonica variety and 1.30 for Tongil varieties. Coefficient consumptive use of water (Kc-value) was 1.40 for Japonica variety and 1.27 for Tongil varieties. 5. It appeared that the water consumption in the 6, 8 cm pot is more than that of 2, 4 cm pot but the number of panicle of the 6, 8 cm pot is somewhat less than that of 2, 4 cm pot. The deeper water level is the less tiller became. It is consindered that 2 cm pot is more profitable than the others.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.185-195
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• 1975

The comparative studies Were conducted with respect to the artificial spawning early embryonic development, metamorphosis and growth of two species Meretrix lusoria and Cyclina sinensis collected from Inchon, Anmyon island and Buan areas from 1969 to 1974. The highest rate of artificial spawning of M. lusoria, which treated with a dilute ammoniun hydroxide(4/100-5/100N)-seawater solutions, was $25.0-33.3\%$, whereas in C. sinensis the rate of spawning was lower than that of M, lusoria under the similar experimental conditions$(12.5-19.0\%)$. However, the rate of artificial spawning of C. sinensis increased $40\%$ by repeated thermal stimulation. The rate of artificial fertilization of M. lusoria and C. sinensis showed highest value from those individuals which were treated with 1/1000N $NH_4OH$ solution. Their fertilized eggs, then, showed a normal development in the 1/1000N $NH_4OH$ solution. In the early embryonic development of M. lusoria and C. sinensis, the appearance of each of polar body, trochophore and D-shaped veliger were observed around 50min. 5-6 hours, and 23 hours after artificial fertilization respectively. The larval shell lengths of M. lusoria reached to $109,5{\pm}0.7\mu,\;144.6{\pm}1.3\mu$ and $208.0{\pm}0.0\mu$ around, 1, 11 and 20 days, after fertilization respectively. The larval shell lengths of C. sinensis reached to $110.5{\pm}0.6\mu,\;147.8{\pm}1.7\mu,\;and\;235.0{\pm}0.0\mu$ around 1, 10 ana 20 days, after fertilization respectively. The correlations of relative growth rate between the shell length(L) and sell height(H) found by the following simple formula from D-shaped veliger to metamorphosing stage. H=0.77L+6.82 for M. lusoria H=0.75L+8.50 for C. sinensis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.117-125
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• 1980

In order to investigate the utilization efficiency of dietary protein in the rat body and effects of dietary fat on its protein metabolism, 51 Sprague-Dawly rats of 6 weeks old weighing approximate)y 106g were subjected to feeding trials for 4 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 3 weeks using six different diets composed of three different levels of protein (10%, 20% and 30%) with low (20%) and high (40%) fat content for each protein level, total energy being fixed at 4000 Kcal/kg by addition of an appropriate amount of carbohydrate, and the following results were obtained. 1) The body weight gain increased in the low fat diets with increasing protein level whereas it decreased in the high fat diets. Food efficiency also increased in the low fat diets with increasing protein level, but no do deffinitive trend was observed in the high fat diets. The protein efficiency was generally higher at low protein level and tended to decrease as the protein level increased, regardless of the amount of fat intake. 2) As the protein level was increasing, digestibility of dry matters and carbohydrate were decreasing whereas that of protein was slightly increasing. On the other hand, digestibility of fat was always very high regardless of the amounts of dietary protein and fat. 3) The gross energy intake was affected both by protein and fat contents in the diets: The energy metabolism efficiency was decreasing with increasing protein level and at the same protein level the energy utilization was considerably higher in the low fat diets than in the high fat. 4) From the above-mentioned experimental results it may be concluded that the best formula of diet for growing rats is probably composed of 20% protein, 20% fat and 60% carbohydrate.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1217-1223
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• 2003

Purpose : This study was conducted to assess clinical practices related to the evaluation and treatment of patients with acute gastrointestinal infection(AGI) in infants and children. This survey also evaluated the current opinion regarding the use of rotavirus vaccine. Methods : This survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire provided to 82 pediatricians in private clinics of Jeonbuk province. From April to June, 2002, 63 of 82 pediatricians(76.8 %) responded to the survey. Results : The annual proportion of patients with AGI was 13%. The highest proportion of patients with diarrhea were reported for the months of October through December. For the treatment of diarrhea, pediatricians preferred to prescribe lactobacillus products, oral rehydration solution, enzyme products, anti-emetics, anti-diarrheal formula, nothing by mouth(NPO) and bowel movement inhibitors in descending order of frequency. Most pediatricians(79.4%) prescribed antibiotics in less than 20% of patients with AGI. Amoxicillin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotics followed by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(TMP/SMX) and amoxicillin/clavulanate. Clinical manifestations that pediatricians considered as important factors in prescribing antibiotics were bloody diarrhea, mucoid diarrhea, high fever, persisting disease and abdominal pain. Diagnostic procedures that pediatricians preferred for AGI patients were stool examination(rotavirus antigen, RBC, WBC), abdominal X-ray, and serum electrolytes. Pediatricians had a strong interest in rotavirus vaccine(71.4%). Conclusion : Acute gastrointestinal illness remains a common problem, especially during the winter months in Korea. AGI manifesting as watery diarrhea is appropriately treated with commonly available agents but pediatricians appear ready to consider additional approaches to decrease the sizable disease burden of AGI among children in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.71-84
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• 2003

The metallic shell of soil-steel structures are so weak in bending moment that it should sustain the applied load by the interaction of the backfill soil around the structures. The shell can be subjected to excessive bending moment during side backfilling or under live-load when the soil cover is less than the minimum value. The current design code specifies the allowable deformation and Duncan(1979) and McGrath et al.(2001) suggested the strength analysis methods to limit the moments by the plastic capacity of the shell. However, the allowable deformation is an empirically determined value and the strength analysis methods are based on the results of FE analysis, hence the experimental verification is necessary. In this study, the full-scale tests were conducted on the high-profile arch to investigate its behaviors during backfilling and under static live-loads. Based on the measurements, the allowable deformation of the tested structure could be estimated to be 1.45% of rise, which is smaller than the specified allowable deformation. The comparison between the measurements and the results of two strength analyses indicate that Duncan underestimates the earth-load moment and overestimates the live-load moment, while McGrath et al. predicts both values close to the actual values. However, as the predicted factors of safeties using two methods coincide with the actual factor of safety, it can be concluded that both methods can predict the structural stability under live-loads adequately when the cover is less than the minimum.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1379-1385
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• 2007

In domestic transitional zone design, there is regulation to prevent generation of irregular substructure behaviors that negatively influence in prevention of plasticity settlement on approach section and contact section as well as relieve overall track rigidity by reducing sectional foundation and track stiffness difference, but design guideline that considers dynamic behavior of transitional track in actual service line is very insignificant. Therefore in this study, characteristics of transitional track dynamic behaviors by substructure stiffness are researched and measured dynamic response of transitional track by substructure stiffness in order to prove correlation between substructure and track and calculate elasticity(stiffness) and track load of transitional track by using measurement and formula to provide basic information for developing design guideline considering dynamic behavior of service line transitional track.