• Advances in environmental research
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.237-255
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• 2012

We review the research literature on relationship between environmental regulation and industrial development in three aspects of environmental regulation and investment, environmental regulation and efficiency, environmental regulation and trade. Indeed, the linkage between environmental regulation and material consumption of industrial system is absent. Environmental regulation is measured as the expenditure share for industrial pollutants abatement, and effluent charge intensity. Using panel-level data from 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, we build correlation models between material consumption and environmental regulation, results show that: (1) there are significant quadratic function relationship between material consumption and environmental regulation. And there is the fact that inflection point exists. (2) On basis of inflection points, we make two remarkable reflections. Firstly, the inflection points are the most important scale to judge reasonability and performance of regulations. Secondly, a Pareto improvement may occur when the regulations achieve a certain target. (3) Both intensities of industrial pollutants abatement expenditure and effluent charge have not yet achieved the expected target in most regions of mainland China at present. And most of regions of material consumption decreasing are distributed in western China. Main reasons lie in the impacts of industrial features as well as the regulations.

• KCID journal
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.122-141
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze the conditions of small fishing village & fishing port and to suggest the development direction of them. For this, we tried to field survey and research of development demands for 100 sample places. The results of this study were as follows; First, Small fishing villages & fishing ports have different characteristics and their primary industry was a fisheries. And they have a poor condition for basic facilities and industrial facilities, more smaller fishing port. Second, The living satisfaction of residents was decreased gradually because of a decrease in amount of catching fish, a population aging and etc. Residents and public officers was to demand an expansion of basic facilities, an investment of national expenditure and a simplification of administrative procedure. Third, We could establish the development directions by geographical location and funcion of them. And They must development consider their characteristics.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2021

To set the estimated energy requirement (EER) in Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI), we need the coefficient by physical activity stage, as determined by the physical activity level(PAL). Thus, there has been demand for a tool to calculate PAL based on the physical activity diary. This study was undertaken to develop a physical activity (PA) classification table for Koreans, using the 2011 Compendium of physical activities in the United States. The PA classification table for Koreans contains 262 codes, and values of the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) for specific activities. Of these, 243 PAs which do not have Korean specific data or information, were selected from the 2011 Compendium of PAs that originated in the United States; another 19 PAs were selected from the previous research data of Koreans. The PA classification table is codified to facilitate the selection of energy values corresponding to each PA. The code for each PA consists of a single letter alphabet (activity category) and four numeric codes that display the activity type (2 digit number), activity intensity (1 digit number), and specific activities (1 digit number). In addition, the intensity (sedentary behavior, low, middle and high) of specific PA and its rate of energy expenditure in MET are presented together. The activity categories are divided into 4 areas: Daily Activity (A), Movement (B), Occupation (C), and Exercise and Sports (D). The developed PA classification table can be applied to quantify the energy cost of PA for adults in research or practice, and to assess energy expenditure and physical activity levels based on self-reported PA.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.842-860
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• 2022

There has been growing attention on the well-being of people with disabilities. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to investigate the associations between individuals' socio-demographic and psychological characteristics and clothing expenditure, and (2) to examine the moderated mediation effect of self-efficacy and acceptance of disability on the association between dependency on others and happiness among people with visual impairment. This study was based on secondary analysis of data from the second wave of the 6th Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled collected by the Employment Development Institute. The results of this study showed that average monthly expenditure on clothing was positively associated with self-efficacy, happiness, and acceptance of disability, while being negatively associated with dependency on others. The results also confirmed that self-efficacy mediated the association between dependency on others and happiness. A conditional direct effect of dependency on others on happiness was found, in which negative associations were significant among people with visual impairment who had low and mean levels of acceptance of disability (but not high levels). In addition, there was a significant conditional indirect effect, in which the indirect and negative effect of dependency on others on happiness via self-efficacy was significant for those with low and average levels of acceptance of disability. These findings support the importance of enhancing the independence and acceptance of disability among people with visual impairment, which ultimately contributes to their happiness.

• Korea Trade Review
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.247-265
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• 2019

This research focuses on the influences of FDI on the economic growth of four countries by Mekong river: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand. At the same time, the study also analyzes the contributing of economic growth to attract FDI inflow to these countries. The panel data during the period 1998-2017 were collected from World Bank. Empirical analysis figures out that GDP, mobile phone, labor force are the determinants affecting positive to FDI and vice versa exchange rate, wage are the negative factors. Secondly, FDI, export, exchange rate, government expenditure impact positively on economic growth but inflation and population have negative effect on the economic development. Thirdly, The FDI and economic growth have impact mutually in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand economy. FDI plays a very crucial role in contributing greatly to the economic development of the Mekong sub-region. The economic growth is higher, the FDI inflow is more attractive. From the results, some practical suggestions are offered to enhance the competitiveness in attracting FDI.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 한국건축시공학회 2015년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.81-82
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• 2015

BIM has been a reliable construction project management tool to handle various kinds of construction information generated in the facility life cycle. To take these advantages, researchers have been promoted numerous studies in a residential, a commercial, and an educational facilities with a large number of on-going projects. However, despite running as the role of essential energy supplier, power plant related BIM research is relatively insufficient than others. In particular, due to the extending of the facility service period and the requirement of the complicated construction project management for 'overhaul' and 'repowering' in the power plant maintenance phase, the needs for using BIM have been increased gradually. For using BIM based maintenance, it is needed to consider an information collecting methods and necessary to develop an appropriate breakdown structure to share information. Therefore, 'EBS' is produced by reviewing the previous research related to BIM and analyzing the repair activities in the maintenance phase. Proposed 'EBS' must be useful not only a judgment between capital expenditure versus revenue expenditure but also appropriate maintenance strategies development for property management.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.141-174
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• 2011

This paper presents the results of a meta-regression analysis on econometric evidence concerning the relationship between public funding of R&D and private R&D expenditure by reviewing literature and synthesizing existing results. The analysis on the effects of public financing on private investments in R&D has been the object of numerous studies, none of which having arrived at definite conclusion. A meta-analysis based upon a data-base including all relevant studies was carried out to examine whether the characteristics of the applied analysis influence the results. Three different empirical results are presented.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.153-164
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• 2014

This study is to investigate the effects of intangible assets such as research & development, education & training and advertisement on firm values of high-technology firms and low-technology firms listed in the KOSDAQ market, and to analyze the value-relativeness between the audit quality of companies and the expenditure of intangible assets. The substitute measurement of firm values is Tobin's Q model. The sample period for positive analysis is from 2003 to 2008, and the samples, excepting for financial business, are manufacturing companies of closing accounts corporate on December, based on companies of KOSDAQ that are listed in security. Finally, data from about 305 companies are used in this analysis. Followings are the results of the analysis. First, research & development, education & training of high-technology firms have an effect on firm values, and education & training of low-technology have an effect on firm values. Second, we find that audit quality(BIG4) increases the value relevance of R&D expenditures of high-technology firms and audit quality(BIG4) increases the value relevance of education & training expenditures of low-technology firms. This paper is meaningful in that it verified the value-relativeness of cost of intangible assets compared with high-technology firms to low-technology firms.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.58-72
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• 2000

This study was an attempt to encourage the development of a rehabilitation delivery system and programs as a substitute service for hospitalization on the case of car accident patients, such as hospital based home health care nursing services. Various substitute services for hospitalization are required to curtail the length of stay for inpatients who were hospitalized with car accident compensation insurance. It focused on developing an estimation an early discharge day for car accident inpatients based on detailed statements of treatment for 111 inpatients who were hospitalized at the General Hospital in 1997. This study had four specific purposes as follows. First. to find out the utilization of medical services. Second, to estimate the time of early discharge and income increasing effect based on early discharge for those patients. Third, to identify the factors affecting total medical expenditure and the length of stay for those inpatients. Forth, to figure out the need of utilizing home health care nursing service for accident patients. In order to analyze the length of stay and medical expenditure for inpatients who were hospitalized due to car accidents, the authors conducted micro- and macro-analysis of medical and medical expenditure records. Micro-analysis was done by nominal group discussion of 4 expertise with the critical criteria, such as a decrease in the amount of treatment after surgery, treatments, tests, drugs and changes in the test consistency, drug methods, vital signs, start of ROM exercise, doctor's order, patient's outside visiting ability, and stable conditions. In addition to identifying variables affecting medical expenditure, and the length of stay and income effect due to early discharge day, the data was analyzed with a multiple regression analysis and linear regression analysis model by SPSS-PC for windows and Excell program. Results of this study were as follows. First. the mean length of stay was 50.3 days. whereas the mean length of stay due to early discharge was 34.3 days at the hospital. The estimation of time of early discharge depended on the length of stay. The longer the length of stay, the longer the length of time of early discharge : for instance a length of stay under 10 days was estimated as correlating to a mean length of stay of 6.6 days and early discharge of 6.5. The mean length of stay was 217.4 days and the time of early discharge was 110.1 respectively. The mean medical expenditure per day was found to be 169.085 Won and the mean medical expenditure per day showed negative linear trends according to the length of stay at the hospital. The estimation results of the income effect due to being discharged 16 days early was around 2,244,000 won per bed. However. this sum does not represent the real benefits resulting from early discharge, but rather the income increasing amount without considering medical prime cost in the general hospital. Therefore, further analysis is required on the cost containments and benefits as turn over rate per bed as the medical prime costs. The length of stay was most significant and was positive to the total medical expenditure, as expected. Surgery and patient's residential area was also an important variable in explaining medical expenditure. The level of complications was the most significant variable in explaining the length of stay. There was a high level for need a home health care nursing service which further supports early discharge for accident patients. In addition, when the patient was discharged. they needed follow up care for complications suffered during the car accident. $86.8\%$ of discharged patients responded that they needed home health services after early discharge. From these research findings, the following suggestions have been drawn. Strategies on a health care delivery system must be developed in order to focus on the consumer's needs and being planned for 21 century health policy in Korea. Community based intermediate facilities or home health care should be developed for rehabilitation services as a substitute for hospitalization in order to shorten the length of stay would be. A hospital based home health care nursing service. it would be available immediately to utilize by patients who want rehabilitation services as a substitute for hospitalization with the cooperation of car insurance companies.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2017

Objectives: As in many low-income and middle-income countries, out-of-pocket (OOP) payments by patients or their families are a key healthcare financing mechanism in Bangladesh that leads to economic burdens for households. The objective of this study was to identify whether and to what extent socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors of the population had an impact on OOP expenditures in Bangladesh. Methods: A total of 12 400 patients who had paid to receive any type of healthcare services within the previous 30 days were analyzed from the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey data, 2010. We employed regression analysis for identify factors influencing OOP health expenditures using the ordinary least square method. Results: The mean total OOP healthcare expenditures was US dollar (USD) 27.66; while, the cost of medicines (USD 16.98) was the highest cost driver (61% of total OOP healthcare expenditure). In addition, this study identified age, sex, marital status, place of residence, and family wealth as significant factors associated with higher OOP healthcare expenditures. In contrary, unemployment and not receiving financial social benefits were inversely associated with OOP expenditures. Conclusions: The findings of this study can help decision-makers by clarifying the determinants of OOP, discussing the mechanisms driving these determinants, and there by underscoring the need to develop policy options for building stronger financial protection mechanisms. The government should consider devoting more resources to providing free or subsidized care. In parallel with government action, the development of other prudential and sustainable risk-pooling mechanisms may help attract enthusiastic subscribers to community-based health insurance schemes.