• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.155-160
• /
• 1969

The soil textures and chemical compositions of Tapes Philippinarum beds were investigated in order to estimate the grade of the habitat soil of T. Philippinarum for the improvement of natural tidal flats. The coefficients of correlation between tile percentages of debris, coarse sand, fine sand, silt, and clay of the habitat soil, and the population density of T. Philippinarum were 0.78, 0.73, -0.42, -0.68, and -0.51 respectively. And the optimum levels of same were above $13.5\%,\;above\;23.0\%\;below\;41.5\%,\;below\;10.0\%$, and below $6.8\%$ respectively The $SiO_2\;Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3$ ratio of the soil of T. Philippinarum beds showed the range of 5.09 to 5.60. The levels of soil pH, water holding capacity, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable magnesium were 6.15-6.60, $4.26-6.86\%$, $0.40-1.10\%$ 14.0-27.0 ppm, $0.041-0.394\%,\;and\;0.009-0.132\%$ respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.40-49
• /
• 2004

This work carried out to define the characteristic of Cymbidium kanran habitat at Mt. Halla in Jejudo, Korea from the ecological point of view including geological and topographical features, air and soil temperature, relative humidity, fluctuations of light intensity, habitat vegetation, distribution altitude, area limit, and etc. And another goal of this study consider the conservation counterplan of the cymbidium habitat. Natural distribution areas of the cymbidium were observed more abundantly on the well drained south and east-facing slopes. Soil acidity was ranged from pH 4.1 to 5.3, and electric conductivity was ranged from 176.4 to 299.9 us/cm (average 215.3 us/cm). Base-saturation percentage of the habitat soil was below 50%, bulk density 0.42g/$cm^2$, particle density 2.05g/$cm^2$, humus content 26%, total nitrogen 0.82%, available phosphate 4.2 mg/kg, exchangeable potassium 0.63 Cmol/kg, calcium 0.44 Cmol/kg and magnesium 0.67 Cmol/kg. Annual mean air temperature was $15.4^{\circ}C$, however, air temperature was ranged $11.7{\sim}18.2^{\circ}C$ in spring, $21.2{\sim}23.8^{\circ}C$ in summer, $12.8{\sim}22.0^{\circ}C$ in fall and $5.5{\sim}7.8^{\circ}C$ in winter season. Annual mean soil temperature at depth of 10cm was $13.2^{\circ}C$ And minimum value was recorded $4.7^{\circ}C$ on January, and maximum value $22.5^{\circ}C$ on August. Relative humidity was ranged 90.8~94.7% in summer, 80.8~91.5% in fall and 77.6~84.2% in winter season. Minimum value was 56.5% on December, and maximum value was 100% on July and August. Light intensities were ranged from 400 to 1,800 lux at the greater part of Cymbidium kanran sites in Jejudo. Summer regarded as an lower light intensities was recorded to be range of 500~600 lux; however, autumn and winter were shown higher light regimes ranged from 3,500 to 3,800 lux. Therefore, one must be suprised that the cymbidium grow at the light condition of 6 lux (minimum) or 10,000 lux (maximum). Tree species keeping higher frequency rate and density were Eurya japonica, Camellia japonica, Castanopsis cuspidata, Carpinus laxiflora and Pinus densiflora. Number of trees growing in a 5${\times}$5m quardrat was 35 as an average, and proportion of evergreen versus deciduous was 5:1. Distribution altitude of the orchid habitat was ranged from 120m (low) to 840m (high) from sea level on the south facing slope of Mt. Halla, and was ranged eastern borderline of Gujwaup, Bukjejugun to western boundaries of Jungmundong, Seogwipo city. For the stable conservation of Cymbidium kanran habitat, sunlight regimes must be increased more by means of cutting trees or twigs in the site.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2009

The limestone area covers the narrow range of the Korean Peninsula, and it consists of a peculiar ecosystem and topography. Therefore, this study on limestone area was carried out classification of vegetation type, physicochemical properties of forest soils and correlation between environment factors and vegetation types in order to furnish fundamental data for the forest management of limestone area. Forest vegetation was classified into two community groups such as Quercus variabilis community group and Quercus mongolica community group, and it was classified into eight vegetation units. Soil texture of survey sites showed largely silt loam and soil pH indicated the value of mean 7.55 in the A layer of soil profile. Content of exchangeable cation such as calcium ion ($Ca^{2+}$) and magnesium ion ($Mg^{2+}$) showed $26.04cmol_{c}/kg$ and $2.93cmol_{c}/kg$, respectively, which was about ten times higher than average of other regions of Korea. According to corelation between environmental factors and vegetation units, Q. variabilis community group was positively correlated to soil pH, slope degree and the rate of bare rock, and content of calcium ion ($Ca^{2+}$), and then Q. mongolica community group was positively correlated to altitude, respectively.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.83-89
• /
• 2012

This study was performed to determine the effect of topdressing on maintaining the quality and density of zoysiagrass. An increase in the topdressing height from 2 mm to 16 mm (2, 4, 8, and 16 mm) led to an increase in the plant heigh, fresh and dry weight of shoots, roots, and stolons. The number of shoots, stolons and concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoid also increased with increasing topdressing height. Moreover, total concentrations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potassium, magnesium, and lime in shoots and roots were enhanced as topdressing height increased. Acidity and the concentrations of organic matters, total nitrogen, and exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$) of topdressed soil was higher than not topdressed soil, while the amount of available phosphoric acid in topdressed soil was lower than not topdressed. The topdressed soil enhanced the growth and density of zoysiagrass, while it was a crucial factor to affect the chemical property of the soil. Optimum topdressing height was thought to be 8 mm since topdressing the soil with topdressing height of 8 mm not only improved the growth of zoysiagrass but also resulted in the highest concentration of nitrogen and organic matters in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate characteristics of growth and active compounds of Angelica gigas population distributed in Mt. Jeombong. Quadrates were established in native area to harvest root part of Angelica gigas and analyze soil properties in September and October 2017. It was found that Angelica gigas populations were collected above the altitude 758 m near the valley covered with Fraxinus mandshurica and Acer pictum, and so on. In case of soil nutrient, soil organic matter, available phosphorous, and total nitrogen ranged 5.8-25.2%, 23.0-67.9 mg/kg and 0.3-1.3% respectively. Also, the Fresh weight of root ranged 28.8-65.3 g in September and 22.3-75.6 g in October. The content of active compounds ranged 2.7-4.7% in decursin and 2.9-4.5% decursinol angelate in October that was increased by 1% and 2.4% respectively compared with that in September. In the final analysis, there was positive correlation between fresh weight of root and exchangeable cation (natrium, calcium, magnesium). Also, there was positive correlation between active compounds and the content of water in root part of Angelica gigas.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.282-289
• /
• 2023

Background: As wildlife habitats are being destroyed and growth environments are changing, the survival of animals and plants is under threat. Epilobium hirsutum L., a species that inhabits wetlands, has held legally protected status since 2012. However, no specific measures are currently in place to protect its habitat, leading to a decline in remaining populations as a result of land use change and human activities. Results: The growth environment (including location, climate, land use, soil, and vegetation) of the five habitat sites (Samcheok, Taebaek1, Taebaek2, Cheongsong, Ulleung) of E. hirsutum L. was investigated and analyzed. These habitats were predominantly situated in flat areas with gentle south-facing slopes, at an average altitude of 452.7 m (8-726 m) above sea level in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do. The average annual temperature ranged 11.5℃ (9.2℃-12.9℃), whereas the average annual precipitation ranged 1,304.5 mm (1,062.7-1,590.7 mm). The surrounding land use status was mainly characterized by mountainous areas, and human interference, such as agricultural land and roads, was commonly found in proximity to these natural habitats. Soil physicochemical analysis revealed that the soil was predominantly sandy loam with a slightly high sand content. The average pH measured 7.64, indicating an alkaline environment, and electrical conductivity (EC) averaged 0.33 dS/m. Organic matter (OM) content averaged 66.44 g/kg, available phosphoric acid (P₂O₅) content averaged 115.73 mg/kg, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) averaged 23.43 cmolc/kg. The exchangeable cations ranged 0.09-0.43 cmol⁺/kg for potassium (K), 10.23-16.21 cmol⁺/kg for calcium (Ca), 0.67-4.94 cmol⁺/kg for magnesium (Mg), and 0.05-0.74 cmol⁺/kg for sodium (Na). The vegetation type was categorized as E. hirsutum community with high numbers of E. hirsutum L., Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) H. Gross, Phragmites japonica Steud., Humulus japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.), and Bidens frondosa L.. An ecological flora analysis, including the proportion of lianas, naturalized plants, and annual herbaceous plants, revealed that the native habitat of E. hirsutum L. was ecologically unstable. Conclusions: Analysis of the habitat of E. hirsutum L., a class II endangered wildlife species, provided essential data for local conservation and restoration efforts.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.77 no.1
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 1988

One-year-old seedlings of Ginkgo biloba were treated with various simulated acid rains(pH 2.0, pH 3.0, pH 9.0 and pH 5.0) to examine the effects of simulated acid rain on the chemical properties of the tested soil. The seedlings were grown in a pot($4500cm^3$)containing one of three different soils(nursery soil, mixed soil and sandy soil). Simulated acid rain was made by diluting sulfuric and nitric acid solution($H^1SO^4$ : $HNO^3$ =3 : 1, V/V) with tap water and tap water(pH 6.4), and treated by 5mm each time for three minutes during the growing seasons(April to October 1985). Acid rain treatments were done three times per week to potted seedlings by spraying the solutions. The chemical properties of potting media were compared among three soil types as well as among the various pH levels. The results obtained in this study were as follows : 1. Exchangeable calcium and magnesium contents and base saturation of the soil decreased with decreasing pH levels of acid rain, and their decreasing rates were as follows : sandy soil was the highest, followed by mixed and nursery soils, However, exchangeable aluminum content rather increased as the pH levels decreased. 2. Available phosphate in the soil decreased as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. Its content increased in nursery soil, compared with those before acid gain treatment, Gut decreased in mined and sandy soils. 3. Soil sulfate and nitrate contents increased remarkably as the pH levels decreased, and the only significant difference in the sulfate was found among the pH levels. Soil sulfate content was the highest in nursery soil, followed by mixed and sandy soils.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.968-972
• /
• 2012

Soil chemical properties of agricultural soils in Korea were investigated at four-years interval in order of paddy, plastic film house, upland, and orchard soils since 1999. Paddy soil samples were taken from the surface 15 cm at 4,047, 2,010, 2,110 and 2,110 sites in all provinces of South Korea in 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2010, respectively. Soil chemical properties in Korea except Jeju province were measured. Soil pH and exchangeable calcium and available silicate contents increased with increasing the application rate of silicate fertilizer and with decreasing its application interval. Soil organic matter content also increased from $22.0g\;kg^{-1}$ in 1999 to $26.0g\;kg^{-1}$ in 2011. Average concentration of available phosphate in 2011 was higher than the upper limit of its optimal range for rice cultivation. However, exchangeable magnesium and available silicate contents were below the lower limit of their optimal ranges, which were 80% and 92% of them, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.86 no.4
• /
• pp.509-520
• /
• 1997

This is a report on the early vegetation, plant community structure, and secondary succession of cut and uncut sites of burned areas in Mt. Gumo-sun. The forest fire occurred on April, 1994 and the pine forest and its floor vegetation were burned down. The investigation was carried out from April, 1995 to October, 1996. The results are summarized as follows : The floristic composition of cut and uncut sites of burned area and unburned area were composed of 32, 36, and 34 kinds of vascular plants respectively. The biological spectra showed the $H(G)-D_1-R_5-e$ type, $H(M)-D_1-R_5-e$ and $M(N)-D_1-R_5-e$ in cut, uncut, and unburned site respectively. The dominant species based on $SDR_3$ of the cut site were Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(100.00). Caret humilis(52.27), Quercus serrata(51.19) and Lysimachia clethroides(39.40), however, in the uncut sites the dominant species were Quercus acutissima(56.91), Pinus densiflora(26.83) in the tree layer, Quercus serrata(50.43), Lindera glauca(40.51), Lespedeza bicolor(37.85) in the shrub layer, and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(72.27), Pteridium aquilium var. latiusculum(60.92), Carex humilis(63.63) in the herb layer. Pinus densiflora(99.88), Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(82.74), Quercus serrata(77.47) and Carex humilis(74.02) were dominant in the unburned site. The species diversity(H) and evenness index(e) were 1.05, 0.70 and 1.32, 0.85 in the cut and uncut site, respectively and 0.22, 0.63 in the unburned site. Dominance index(C) was 0.15, 0.06 and 0.96 in the cut, uncut site and unburned site, respectively. Degree of succession(DS) was 345.19, 747.47 and 674.34 in cut, uncut and unburned site, respectively. The index of similarity(CCs) was 0.66 between cut and uncut sites, 0.50 between unburned and cut sites and 0.61 between unburned and uncut sites. The amount of exchangeable sodium, calcium, magnesium and soil pH were increased, but the amount of organic matter, available phosphous, total nitrogen, total carbon and exchangeable potassium were decreased in cut site after fire.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.457-464
• /
• 2011

Livestock manure compost (LC) generally contains high content of phosphorus, therefore can be a substitute for phosphorus fertilizers. In this experiment of the cultivation of lettuce in green house, the possibility of LC as a subsitute for phosphorus fertilizer was investigated and the fertilizer efficiency of nitrogen and potassium in LC as compared with chemical N fertilizer (urea) and K fertilizer (potassium chloride) was examined. In proportion to the increase in the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer, soil pH declined, whereas EC and $NO_3$-N content became higher. The application of LC appeared to increase the soil content of organic matter, available phosphate, exchangeable calcium, magnesium and sodium more than that of chemical fertilizer. Supplementation of the K fertilizer by the lack amount from the application of LC resulted in the same exchangeable potassium content in soil with NPK plot in which N, P and K fertilizers were applied by the amount of soil test recommendation. The relationship between soil $NO_3$-N content and nitrogen application rate from fertilizer and compost showed as y=0.57717a+0.19760b+74.65 ($R^2$=0.6347) in which y is the soil $NO_3$-N content (mg $kg^{-1}$), a is nitrogen application rate from fertilizer and b is nitrogen application rate from compost (kg $ha^{-1}$), respectively. From this equation, the supply ability of $NO_3$-N into soil of LC exhibited about 34% (pig manure compost 37.0, chicken manure compost 34.7, cattle manure compost 23.3) of nitrogen fertilizer (urea).