• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.202-218
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• 2015

Many countries have introduced new imported food safety measures, following the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. This study was conducted to evaluate the measures contents and effects on food trades values. Eight percent of members were notified the introduced measures to the World Trade Organization. The measures' contents were banning imports, enhancing inspection and adding certification requirement. The covered regions were some prefectures, entire Japan or all affected countries. European Union introduced a measure that subjecting foods originating from 12 prefectures to import at designated ports with required certification. The measures were amended 8 times until March 2014 to apply listed foods from 15 prefectures. The trade value of fishery products and miscellaneous foods were affected. Australia introduced a measure that required additional inspection of dairy, fishery and plants products from 13 prefectures with subsequent amendments. The trade value had no effect in tested foods. Chinese Taipei introduced a temporary import ban for all foods from 6 prefectures. Trade values for fruits were affected. The United States issued an import alert for detention without examination for listed prefectures and goods without introducing new measures. Although no specific products were affected, trade values for all foods were affected.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.105-121
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• 2006

This study is related with the judgements of our country's supremcourt against the transaction of Letter of Credit which is beneficiary's fraudulent trade deal. In this case I think to analyse the judgements and to present the basic grounds on which the judgements were established. In Letter of Credit transaction, there are the major parties, such as, beneficiary, issuing bank, or confirming bank and the other parties such as applicant, negotiating bank, advising bank and paying bank. Therefore, in this cases, the beneficiary, the French Weapons' Supplier who did not shipped the commodities, created the false Bill of Lading, let his dealing bank make payment against the documents presented by him and received the proceeds from the negotiating bank or collecting bank, thereafter was bankrupted and escaped. For the first time, even though the issuing bank conceived that the presented documents were inconsistent with the terms of L/C. it did not received the payment approval from the applicant against all the discrepancies, made the negotiating bank pay the proceeds to exporter and thereafter, delivered the documents to the applicant long after the time of the issuing bank's examination of documents. The applicant who received the documents from the issuing bank, instantly did not examine the documents and inform to the issuing bank whether he accepted the documents or not. Long time after, applicant tried to clear the goods through custom when he knew the bill of ladings were false and founded out the documents had the other discrepancies which he did not approved. As the results, the applicant, Korea Army Transportation Command claimed, that the issuing bank must refund his paid amount because issuing bank examined the documents unreasonably according to u.c.p 500 Act 13th, 14th. In spite of the applicant's claim, the issuing bank argued that it paid the proceeds of L/C reasonably after receiving the applicant's approval of an discrepancy of document, the delayed shipment, but for concerning the other discrepancies, the trivial ones, the applicant did not examined the document and noticed the discrepancies in reasonable time. Therefore the applicant sued the issuing bank for refunding it's paid proceeds of L/C. Originally, this cases were risen between Korea Exchange Bank and Korea Army Transportation Command. As result of analysing the case, the contents of the case case have had same procedure actually, but the lower courts, the district and high courts all judged the issuing bank was reasonable and did not make an error. As analysing these supreme court's judgements, the problem is that whether there are the applicant's liability of examining the documents and informing its discrepancies to the issuing bank or not, and if the applicant broke such a liabilities, it lost the right of claiming the repayment from issuing bank. Finally to say, such applicant's liabilities only must be existed in case the documents arrived to the issuing bank was delivered to the applicant within the time of the documents examination according to u.c.p 500 Act 14, d. i. But if any the documents were delivered to applicant after time of the documents examination, the applicant had not such liabilities because eventhough after those time the applicant would have informed to the issuing bank the discrepancies of documents, the issuing bank couldn't receive repayment of its paid proceeds of document from the negotiating bank. In the result after time of issuing bank's examination of documents, it is considered that there's no actual benefit to ask the applicant practice it's liability. Therefore finally to say. I concluded that the Suprem Court's judgement was much more reasonable. In the following, the judgements of the supreme court would be analysed more concretely, the basic reasons of the results be explained and the way of protecting such L/C transaction would be presented.

• 벤처혁신연구
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.109-124
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• 2021

20대 초반의 여성들에게는 아름다움을 추구하는 욕구가 많은 것이 사실이다. 그러나 경제적으로 넉넉하지 못한 현실에서 저가화장품의 구매는 필수적일 것이다. 이에 다양한 개성과 빠른 변화에 익숙한 젊은 여성을 대상으로 기업에서 행하는 판매촉진행사에 대한 매개효과가 개인적인 소비성향에 따라 충동구매에 영향을 주는지 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 저가화장품 소비자의 쇼핑성향이 충동구매에 미치는 영향관계를 실증적으로 탐구하고 규명함에 있어 저가화장품 소비자의 충동구매에 판매촉진전략을 매개변수로 설정하여 충동구매에 미치는 영향관계를 규명하였다. 이 과정에서 저가화장품의 가격할인행사와 증정행사, 그리고 내점유도활동 중 어떤 판촉전략이 충동구매에 영향을 미쳤는지를 검증하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 저가화장품을 구매하는 쾌락적성향의 소비자는 충동구매에 영향을 미친 것으로 나타난 반면, 경제적성향의 소비자와 편의적 쇼핑성향의 소비자에게는 충동구매 효과가 미미함을 확인할 수 있었다. 특이한 점은 인접한 매장에서 필요제품만 구매하고 불필요한 시간활용을 꺼리는 편의적 쇼핑성향의 소비자는 충동구매에 영향을 미치지 않는다는 염민정(2009)의 연구결과와 같게 나타났지만, 오연주(2009)의 연구결과와는 상반된 결과로 나타났다. 둘째, 판매촉진을 위한 가격할인행사, 증정행사, 내점유도활동의 매개효과에 대해 쾌락적 쇼핑성향만이 판매촉진 활동에 대해 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 경제적 쇼핑성향은 충동구매에 대해 부(-)의 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 저가화장품 브랜드의 매출증대를 위한 판매촉진전략에 있어 소비자의 쇼핑성향을 세분화 하고 유형화하여 차별화된 판매촉진 전략을 세워 충동구매를 후 지속구매로 연결 될 수 있는 노력이 필요하다.

• 산학경영연구
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• 제4권
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• pp.355-383
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• 1991

1. The Purpose of This study research: The focus of marketing until recently has simply been on sales which means the transfer of goods from the producer to the consumer and on profits therefrom. However, the excess supply of goods due to the expansion of the economy and the resulting fierce competition between companies have changed the nature of marketing. Maximizing consumers' satisfaction and establishing marketing mix strategies for market subdivision and penetration into the target market are now significant roles of the marketing manager. In addition, with regard to company management, information within the company which had been collected, managed and processed sporadically indegrated manner. The purpose of this research on marketing information systems in connection with the above will be to seek ways enabling us to create an efficient and integrated information system for an entire company. 2. The Method and Scop of This Stdudy: Marketing information systems, as a part of management information systems, shall be examined based on relevant theoretical literature. The research process shall be generally developed as follows: 1) The basic structure of the marketing information systems, including its fundamental purpose and necessity, shall be examined. 2) The method for a specific plan shall be presented through fundamental marketing strategy concepts and marketing decision-making. 3) A general model shall be presented based on examinations of various mod els used for marketing information systems and on research of the models' relationship with management information systems. 4) The direction of development shall be presented as the basis for gradual development following examination of the scope, pertinent issues, and means of improvement of the marketing information systems. 3. Summary and Conclusion: As the competition among the enterprises has become keen and thus the management of the contemporary enterprises shows the tendencies of uncertainty as well as complexity, all the managers must make the correct and prompt decision of their mind. Otherwise, the danger which will lead to and failure in the failure in the business may befall to the enterprise. Though computer system and information related techniques have the endless potentiality for the improvement of the enterprise, those are granted only to the enterprise which will be able to manage the computer system and information related techniques. In the contemporary industrial society, the need to a managerial information system has been increasing because all the complicated information can be stored, disposed and managed by the efficient method. And the marketing information system is also the integrated system which has been formed and developed through the efficient mixture of all the constituent elements including the definition of marketing research as the definition of the information system has been enlarged due to the reason shown above. The common point of the two systems is the man machine system functioning to help the efficient decision of the mind by introducing the computer system on the basis of user manager centered thought in order to provide informations to be useful in operation and management of the organization and the function of the mind decision. The purpose for the marketing information system lies in making the utmost use of marketing information available in the course of the mind decision. The reason why the contemporary enterprises necessitate the marketing information system are as follows: 1) The stages of the business operation are expanded wide to the world. 2) As the living standards of the consumers have been on the rise, the enter prise has to satisfy the consumer's "wants" than simple "needs".

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.65-88
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• 2012

Even though there are some discrepancies in detail with the legal characteristic of the issuing bank's notice to the beneficiary of opening of the letter of credit, article 25 of "the Korean Private International Act(hereunder, 'KPIA')" can be applied to the legal relation between the issuing bank and the beneficiary or the negotiating bank. According to article 26 of the KPIA, if there is no agreement between the issuing bank and its opponent party as to the governing law issues, a state's law which has the closest relationship with the subject case may be applied. In the latter case, given the facts that the issuing bank plays important roles in every phasis of the sale of goods by the letter of credit, a law of place where the issuing bank's business premises is situated(the $lex$ $situs$) can be the applicable law. Meanwhile, "the Korean Supreme Court(hereunder 'KSC')" held that the beneficiary or the negotiating bank can claim any damages arising due to the refusal or deferred payment of the issuing bank, and the law which governs the above mentioned situation is the same law that is applicable to the legal relation between the issuing bank and the beneficiary or the negotiating bank. The main reason of the KSC's ruling is that the nature of the legitimate interest rate which is stated in article 3 of "the Act on Special Cases concerning Expedition etc. of Legal Proceeding(hereunder 'ASCELP')" is substantial matters, not procedural. Taking into account, however, that the main object of ASCELP lies in expedition of legal proceeding, prompt realization of people's rights and duties, and prevention of delayed legal proceeding, it is recommendable that ASCELP, instead of the law applicable to the legal relation between the issuing bank and the beneficiary or the negotiating bank, should be applied to the cases in which the malicious debtor's only and main purpose is delaying the legal proceedings. On the other hand, even if the issuing bank's duty of examination of the documents which were tendered by the beneficiary or the negotiating bank is restricted to the formality and strict conformity of the documents and not the substantiality of the documents, the issuing bank still has to examine the documents with due diligence that is required to the banks whose main business is sales of documents, not the real goods. In this regard, under the circumstances where the document lacked the regularity and/or the formality on its face because of the forgery of the document and where it was expected that an ordinary banker might have easily found any faults with the document, the issuing bank must compensate any parties for damages when it pays money without due diligence as a banker who engaged in the sales of documents.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제42권
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• pp.163-186
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• 2009

On April 11, 1980, the "United Nations on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods" ("CISG") was prepared by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and approved by a diplomatic conference in Vienna providing uniform law for international sales of goods. It took effect as of March 1, 2005, in Korea. It is set forth on the seller's remedies for breach by the buyer Section III (Art. 61 - 65) under the CISG. In this study, the focus is only on the seller's notice fixing additional final period for performance (Art. 63) and the right to avoid the contract (Art. 64), with examination on some relevant foreign arbitral awards rendered by the ICC and the CIETAC together. Article 63 provides that the seller may fix an additional period of time for reasonable length for performance by the buyer of his obligation. It was found from the above arbitral awards that the concept of 'reasonable length' should be decided on a case-by-case basis, given the specific circumstances in the case [Art. 63(1)]. It is provided that unless the seller has received a notice that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the seller may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract in accordance with Article 63(2). Article 64(1) provides the means and grounds for avoidance of the contract, which can be avoided 1) when the breach of the buyer amounts to a fundamental breach of contract, or 2) when the additional period of time is fixed by the seller, unless the buyer declares that he will not perform so within the period of fixed time. As we examined in the above arbitral awards, it was held that the contract is avoided when the seller sends the final notice stating that he will avoid the contract, after the expiration of the additional period of time fixed by the seller in the ICC award. On the contrary, it was held that the contract should be deemed to be avoided exactly when the expiration of additional period noted in the avoidance notice is elapsed in the CIETAC award. Article 64(2) sets time limits for avoidance.

• 무역학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.93-114
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• 2017

FTA 협정에 따른 특혜관세 적용은 FTA 역외국과 비교하여 상대적 관세인하 효과로 나타나고 이는 회원국 간 수출입 규모의 증가로 이어진다. FTA 관세 제도의 안정적인 활용을 위해서는 무엇보다 관세 당국의 교역 대상 상품에 대한 명확한 원산지 적용 및 적격 여부 판단이 전제되어야 한다. 본 연구는 관세청, 조세심판원 등 관세 당국의 조세행정 집행과정 중에 확인되는 결정문을 바탕으로 원산지검증 제도에 따른 불복청구 절차를 분석하였고, 이를 통해 과세전적부심사청구 불채택 건에 대한 재심청구 비율이 아시아 국가와 서구 사회에서 어떻게 다르게 나타나며, 쟁점 사항이나 검증당사자에 따라 재심청구 빈도나 기각률이 또한 어떻게 다른지에 대한 실증 분석을 실시하였다. 더불어, FTA 국가 간 원산지검증 불복 사례의 희소성 문제를 극복하기 위해 부트스트랩 기법을 활용하여 정량적 분석을 실시하였다. 본 논문의 시사점을 요약하면, 첫째, 서구와의 국제거래가 더 높은 재심청구율을 보인다는 가설을 검정하였고, 둘째, 원산지기준 충족 여부, 직접운송 여부, 인증수출자 여부, 품목분류 적정 여부가 핵심 쟁점 요인으로써 재심사 요구와 유의한 인과관계가 있음을 보였다. 셋째, 재심사 요구와 검증 그룹 간 유의성은 관계가 없음을 밝혔으며, 마지막으로, 품목분류오류는 기각률에 상당히 유의한 영향을 미쳐 관련 사건의 경우, 재심 청구에도 불구하고 기각이 될 확률이 상당히 높다는 실무적 함의를 도출하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.483-494
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• 2023

High-speed trains became common nowadays due to the need for fast and safe mean to transport goods and people. However, the use of high-speed trains necessitates the examination of the critical speed, which is the train speed at which the maximum settlement of the railway track occurs. The critical speed and railway track settlement have been investigated considering only one train in previous studies. However, it is normal to have two adjacent trains moving at the same time. This paper aims to understand how the interference of two moving trains affects the settlement and critical speed of ballasted railway track. Calibrated three-dimensional finite element models of railway track subjected to one moving train and two moving trains have been developed to address the aim of the study. It is found that the interference dramatically increases the railway track settlement with a percentage increase ranges between 5 and 100%. It is also found that the percentage increase of the railway track settlement depends on the train speed and the distance between the moving trains. In addition, it is found that the thickness of the ballast layer and the stiffness of the subgrade have minor influence on the percentage increase of the settlement. Importantly, the results of this paper illustrate the importance of the interference of the moving trains on the dynamic response of the railway track. Thus, there is a need to consider the dynamic interaction between the adjacent moving trains in the design of railway track foundation.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.375-385
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of attitude of mothers on the dental health and behavior of dental health management on children on the dental caries of their children, and the questionnaire survey was implemented and analyzed for 202 children in fifth and sixth grades of two elementary schools in Ulsan City along with their mothers with the following outcome. 1. 80 students from entire subject students(39.6%) are subjects of dental caries with the average DT index shown to be $1.78{\pm}1.04$ and tended to have higher in the upper level of grade. 2. In the attitude of dental health management for mother, 95 students(47.0%) visited the dental clinic within 6 months with the main purpose of treatment, rather than preventive work, for 141 students(69.8%), and hey have high level of interests on the teeth condition of their children but they rarely take a close look at the dental condition for their children. 3. The efforts of mothers on preventing the dental caries by mothers showed in the sequence of regular instructions for brushing, limiting the sugar intake, fluorine coating, sealant, regular examination and the like and DT rate will be decreased by these kinds(p<0.05). 4. The number of dental caries of children with the attitude of mother in dental health showed noticeable differences statistically with respect to the brushing method, use of dental sanitation goods, scaling, visit to dental office and others(p<0.05). With the above conclusion, the attitude and behavior of mothers on dental care influences greatly on the dental health of children. Therefore, in order to improve the dental health of children, it would be important to recognize the importance of attitude and behavior of dental health for mothers for positive dental care with the support in policies.

• 복식
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2012

This research aims at the contribution to globalize and modernize the traditional Korean image by comprehending the taste of design that domestic college students have for traditional feminine head ornaments and subsequently elaborate the development of cultural products that are related to these decorative objects. In regards to this research method, the examination on the traditional feminine ornaments was followed through a review of literature and precedent studies and a survey was conducted on the preference about them. After the adoption of final valid responses, an analytical method, PASW 18.0, was used for frequency analysis, technical analysis, reliability, and regression analysis. The results were as follows. First, in the category of tendency analysis for the application of traditional feminine headpiece in fashion cultural products, it was revealed that a taste for the design that meet the satisfaction for both trend and practicability was prominently prevalent. Also, the design that express the individual characteristic was taken as a preferred option. Second, in the preference for the design of traditional feminine headpieces in fashion cultural products, the result indicated that the modern type was preferred in the form of re-creation as long as those products deform the tradition. As for the selective taste for patterns, their preference came in the order of plant, animal, and geometry-abstract types. Especially, for the case of plant and animal patterns, the reinterpreted design of modernized shapes were opted rather than a simply recopied format of the conventional type of the feminist head ornament. Third, for the category of item selection to apply the feminine head ornament in order to design the fashion cultural products, it turned out that people preferred the application to accessory rather than clothing. Lastly, it was found that rarity, harmony with other fashion goods, pattern, and design should be considered when the traditional motif was used for cultural products.