• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.694-702
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• 2017

In the case of an elevated railway station, structure borne noise and vibration due to structural limitations allow the load and vibration from railway vehicles to be directly transmitted to the station structure, resulting in an increase in the number of civil complaints from customers and staff of the station. The floating slab track system, which is well known as one of the solutions for reducing the noise and vibration from elevated railway stations, usually contains rubber mounts or rubber pads under the railway slab which act as a damper. These types of device have the disadvantage that is difficult to predetermine the exact stiffness and damping ratio under the nonlinear loads resulting from train services. In this study, an isolator with a friction type of wedge is introduced, which can be applied to floating slab track systems and to be designed with precisely the required stiffness. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the stiffness between the designed and experimental values is carried out, while the damping ratio, which is closely related to the friction wedge blocks, is deduced according to the train load condition. The performance tests of the isolator were conducted in accordance with the DIN 45673-7 standard which includes both static and dynamic load tests. The load conditions for the performance tests are designed to conform to the DIN standard related to the weight of the train and rail track, in order to perform vertical and horizontal load tests, so as to ensure the secure structural safety of the railway. Also, by checking the change aspect of the friction coefficients of the friction elements according to the loading rate, the vibration reduction performance of the friction type isolator with variable loading rate conditions is examined.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2015

The plastic stress distribution method and the strain compatibility method are the two representative methods to calculate the P-M interaction strength of RCFT (rectangular concrete filled tube) columns. The plastic stress distribution method is approximate while the stress compatibility method should approach the exact solution if accurate constitutive relations of the materials involved are used. Recent study by the authors pointed out that, because of lack of accurate constitutive model for the concrete confined by the rectangular steel tube, no strain compatibility method according to the current structural provisions provides a satisfactory prediction of the P-M interaction strength of RCFT columns under various material combinations. An empirical constitutive model which can capture the stress-strain characteristics of the confined concrete of RCFT columns is proposed based on analyzing extensive exisitng test database. The key idea was to define the concrete crushing strain as a function of steel-to-concrete strength ratio and width-to-thickness ratio of steel tube. It was shown that the proposed model leads to more accurate and more consistent prediction of the P-M interaction strength of RCFT columns under general design conditions.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.202-207
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• 2008

Measures for coping with energy shortage are being sought all over the world. Following such a phenomenon, effort to use less energy in the design of buildings and equipment are being conducted. In particular, a program to evaluate the performance of a building comes into the spotlight. However. indispensable standard wether data to estimate the exact energy consumption of a building is currently unprepared. Thus, after appling standard weather data for four weather factors which were used in previous researches to Visual DOE 4.0, we compared it with the result of the existing data and evaluated them. For the monthly cooling and heating load of our target building, we used revised data for June, July, August, and September during which cooling load is applied. When not the existing data but the revised data was used, the research shows that an average of 14.9% increased in June, August, and September except for July. Also, in a case of heating load, the result by the revised data shows a reduction of an average of 11.9% from October to April during which heating load is applied. In particular, the heating loads of all months for which the revised data was used were more low than those of the existing data. In the maximum cooling and heating load according to load factors, the loads by residents and illumination for which the revised data was used were the same as those of the existing data, but the maximum cooling loads used by the two data have a difference in structures such as walls and roofs. Through the above results, the research cannot clearly grasp which weather data influences the cooling and heating load of a building. However, in the maximum loads by the change of weather data in four factors (dry-bulb temperature, web-bulb temperature, cloud amount, and wind speed) among 14 weather factors, the research shows that 5.95% in cooling load and 27.56% in heating load increased, and these results cannot be ignored. In order to make weather data for Performing energy performance evaluation for future buildings, the flow of weather data for the Present and past should be obviously grasped.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.4049-4057
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• 2016

Background: High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV), particularly types 16 and 18, have been found to play an important role in head and neck cancer, including oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). p16, a cell cycle inhibitor, has been postulated as a surrogate marker for HR-HPV, since p16 is aberrantly overexpressed in such lesions, especially in HR-HPV-positive OPSCC. However, p16 as a surrogate marker for HR-HPV infection in cancers of the oral cavity remains controversial. Objective: The objectives of the study were to investigate the expression of p16 and the presence of HR-HPV in OSCC and oral verrucous carcinoma (VC) and to determine if p16 could be used as a surrogate marker for HR-HPV. Materials and Methods: Forty one formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of OSCC (n=37) or VC (n=4) with clinical and histopathologic data of each case were collected. Expression of p16 was determined by immunohistochemistry, focusing on both staining intensity and numbers of positive cells. The presence of HPV types 16 and 18 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Descriptive statistics were employed to describe the demographic, clinical, and histopathologic parameters. Associations between p16 overexpression, HR-HPV and all variables were determined by Fisher's exact test, odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In addition, the use of p16 as a surrogate marker for HR-HPV was analyzed by sensitivity and specificity tests. Results: p16 was overexpressed in 8/37 cases (21.6%) of OSCC and 2/4 cases (50%) of VC. HPV-16 was detected in 4/34 OSCC cases (11.8%) and HPV-18 was detected in 1/34 OSCC cases (2.9%). Co-infection of HPV-16/18 was detected in 1/4 VC cases (25%). Both p16 overexpression and HR-HPV were significantly associated with young patients with both OSCC and VC (p<0.05, OR 20, 95% CI 1.9-211.8; p<0.05, OR 23.3, 95% CI 2.4-229.7, respectively). p16 was able to predict the presence of HPV-16/18 in OSCC with 40% sensitivity and 79.3% specificity and in VC with 100% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity, respectively. Conclusions: p16 overexpression was found in 24.4% of both OSCC and VC. HR-HPV, regardless of type, was detected in 15.8% in cases of OSCC and VC combined. The results of sensitivity and specificity tests suggest that p16 can be used as a surrogate marker for HR-HPV in OSCC and VC.

• Computational Structural Engineering
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.87-97
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• 1995

For the same configuration of two-dimensional finite element models, 6-node element exhibits stiffer bending stiffness than 8-node element. This is true in the relation between 16-node element and 20-node element for three-dimensional model. This stiffening phenomenon comes from the elimination of several mid nodes from full-node elements. Therefore, this may be called 'relative stiffness stiffening phenomenon'. It seems that there are a couple of ways to correct the stiffening effect, however, we could find only one effective method-the method of modification of Gauss sampling points-which passes the patch test and does not alter other kinds of stiffness, such as extensional stiffness. The quantity of modification is a function of Poisson's ratios of the constituent materials. We could obtain two modification equations, one for plane stress case and the other for plane strain case. This method can be extended to 3-dimensional solid elements. Except the exact plane strain cases, most 3-dimensional plates could be modeled successfully with 16-node element modified by the equation for the plane stress case. The effectiveness of the modification method is checked by applying it to several examples with excellent improvements. In numerical examples, beams with various boundary conditions are subjected to static and time-dependent loads. Free and forced motion analyses of beams and plates are also tested. The beam and plate may be composed of isotropic multilayers as well as a single layer.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2011

Purpose: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) prevents tissue necrosis of the brain and cardiac muscle in the cardiac arrest patient and requires exact skills in order to increase survival rate. Through comparison of the training effects of feedback manikin and non-feedback manikin, this study present the effective CPR device to CPR instructors. Method: This CPR course for 80 students by using Resusci Anne $SkillReporter^{TM}$ (RASR; Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) and Actar 911 $Squadron^{TM}$ (A911; Vital Signs, New Jersey, USA) held on December 22, 2009. Thirty seven students and two assistants were placed in one laboratory, there were five RASR manikins which provide the LED performance indicator, not the metronome. Forty two students and two assistants were placed in the other laboratory, there were 20 A911 manikins which don't provide any feedback indicator. Chest compression scores and ventilation compression scores obtaining from two groups were analysed statistically by using independent t-test. Results: Chest compression scores, average depth (mm) was 37.5 in RASR and 41.80 A911 (p=.004), too depth (#) was 2.8 in RASR and 19.4 A911 (p=.005), average number per min (#/min) was 64.4 in RASR and 68.2 A911 (p=.038), wrong hand position (#/min) was 10.9 in RASR and 30.8 A911 (p=.040). Four items that showed better scores in group RASR had statistically significant difference. Ventilation compression scores, percent correct (%) was 40.6 in RASR and 20.6 A911 (p<.001), number correct (#) was 4.7 in RASR and 2.1 A911 (p=.002), too fast (#) was 0.9 in RASR and 2.9 A911 (p=.003), average volume (ml) was 536.5 in RASR and 707.1 A911 (p=.011). Also, three items that showed better scores in group RASR had statistically significant difference. Conclusions: Regarding the positive effect of CPR training feedback, comparison between the real-time visual feedback manikin (RASR) and the non-feedback manikin (A911) showed that RASR had better results than A911 in chest compression except average number per min (it means that we need harder chest manikin) and ventilation. Verification of the training effect in the real world such as CPR outcomes is also necessary. A proper application of manikin in training circumstances and research on retention of CPR skills will be needed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2009

Background: The insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is the primary docking molecule for the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), and is required for activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) pathway. IRS-1 activation of the (PI3K) pathway regulates IGF-mediated survival, enhancement of cellular motility and apoptosis. Therefore, we attempted to ascertain whether IRS-1 genetic variations affect an individual's risk for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Two-hundred and eighteen subjects, either diagnosed with NSCLC or control subjects, were matched by age, gender and smoking status. Genomic DNA from each subject was amplified by PCR and analyzed according to the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profile to detect the IRS-1 G972R polymorphism. Results: The frequencies of each polymorphic variation, in the control population, were as follows: GG=103 (94.5%) and GR=6 (5.5%); for the NSCLC subjects, the genotypic frequencies were as follows: GG=106 (97.2%) and GR=3 (2.8%). We could not demonstrate statistically significant differences in the genotypic distribution between the NSCLC and the control subjects (p=0.499, Fisher's Exact test). The relative risk of NSCLC, associated with the IRS-1 G972R polymorphic variation, was 1.028 (95% CI; 0.63~9.90). In addition, we found no differences between polymorphic variants with regard to the histological subtype of NSCLC. Conclusion: We did not observe any noteworthy differences in the frequency of the IRS-1 G972R polymorphism in NSCLC patients, compared to control subjects. These results suggest suggesting that, in our study population, the IRS-1 G972R polymorphism does may not appear to be associated with an increased risk of NSCLC.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.4-9
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• 2001

Purpose: The trefoil factor family 1 (TFF1) has a protective effect against gastric mucosal damage induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or ethanol. In addition, a TFF1 knockout mouse model has exhibited circumferential adenomas with high-grade dysplasia, of which $30\%$ progressed into frankly invasive carcinomas. We tried to determine whether the expression pattern of the TFF1 could be involved in the development of sporadic gastric carcinomas. Materials and Methods: We examined TFF1 expression in a series of 43 sporadic gastric carcinomas and 18 gastric adenomas by immunohistochemistry. Results: Strong positive TFF1 staining was identified primarily in the normal gastric mucosa, mainly in the cytoplasm of the superficial and foveolar epithelium. We found TFF1 expression in $55.8\%$ (24 out of 43) of the gastric carcinomas and in $16.7\%$ (3 out of 18) of the gastric adenomas. Statistically, TFF1 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in diffuse-type ($82.4\%$) than in intestinal-type ($38.5\%$) carcinomas(p=0.0058, Fisher's exact test). Conclusion: Our findings provide sufficient evidence that the expression of TFF1 in gastric cancer may simply disclose gastric-type differentiation of neoplastic cells and provide further support for the existence of at least two pathways of malignant transformation of the gastric mucosa: one via intestinal metaplasia and adenomatous dysplasia, leading to glandular carcinomas with intestinal-type differentiation, and the other via hyperplastic changes or de novo changes, leading to diffuse carcinomas and to a subset of glandular carcinomas displaying gastric-type differentiation.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.148-158
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• 2001

Purpose: This study is to investigate the attitudes on the Home Health Care among the physicians and nurses in P University. Method: Data were gathered from 71 physicians and 264 nurses. working at P University Hospital. from May 1 to May 15, 2001 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Fisher exact test. Results: 1) As to the previous information about home health care program, those who have been familiar to it were 100% of physicians, and 99.6% of nurses, and 39% of the physicians and 66.1% of the nurses. were found to have responded with right answers, 2) As to the acceptance of the home health care program, 87% of physicians and 98.5% of nurses were found to be positive and there showed a significant difference(p= .019), 3) The main reasons for accepting the system were: the alleviation of the family burden of time, the maintenance of continuity of care, and the reasons for opposing the system were incomplete legal assurance. the possibility of providing illegal medical services. 4) The physician's intention rate of patient referrals to home care program reveled 49.2%. 5) According to the services related to Home Health Care. the orders of acceptance rates were medical tests related services (77.8%, 92%); therapeutic nursing interventions(69.0%, 88.2%): and services for medication(68.3%, 82.5%) among physicians and nurses. respectively. Conclusion: For the stabilization and successful implementation of home health care system. it should be accompanied with education for physicians about home care. setting specific laws and regulations for home care. legal assurance of home care business. outcome research for home care recipients. and support systems of hospital administration.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.176-183
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• 2012

Purpose: This study examined the clinical success rate of Mg titanate implants (M Implant system, Shinhung, Korea), which employ a Mg coating method, by evaluating the marginal bone loss and implant stability using radiographs and Osstell$^{(R)}$, over a 1 year. Materials and methods: The locations of the implants placement were divided into 4 areas; the maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars. In the maxilla, 8 and 9 implants were inserted in the premolar and molar areas, respectively. In the mandible, 11 and 51 implants were inserted in the premolar and molar areas. Marginal bone loss and ISQ of all implants (79) were measured after insertion, mounting the prosthetic appliance, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after loading. The marginal bone loss was measured from the radiograph using XCP bite, which was customized, and the implant stability measured using Osstell$^{(R)}$. Fisher's exact test (${\alpha}$=.05) was used to compare the success rates of each region. Results: The mean marginal bone loss for the upper and lower jaws were 1.537 mm and 1.172 mm. The mobility showed a non-significant reduction or increase according with time. The success rates were accounted for 94.12% and 98.39% in the upper and lower jaws; the premolars and molars were accounted for 100% and 96.67%. The two cases of early failure resulted from failure of primary stability during implant insertion. The late failures were not observed for 1 year after adding a loading to the implants. Conclusion: The Mg titanate implant showed good primary stability and good clinical results in both healing and function.