• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2008

Hemp seed oil and evening primrose oil were incorporated into the diets of laying hens for 5 weeks and the level of gamma fatty acid in the eggs that the treated hens laid was then evaluated. Hens were fed corn-soybean based diets that contained 5% tallow, 5% corn oil (CO), 5% hemp seed oil (HSO), or 5% evening primrose oil (EPO). The hemp seed oil and evening primrose oil influenced the amount of gamma linolenic acid found in the eggs through blood. The level of gamma linolenic acid in the plasma was significantly higher in hens that received the HSO and EPO diets than in those that received the tallow and CO diets. The HSO and EPO diets led to a 1.09% and 4.87% increase in egg gamma linolenic acids, respectively, when compared with eggs produced by hens treated with tallow and CO. Taken together, these data demonstrate that healthy eggs with increased gamma linolenic acids can be generated by minor diet modifications when hemp seed oil or evening primrose oil is included in the hen diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.555-560
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• 1994

In order to observe the effects of the fees mixed with the lard and two vegetable seed oils on the fatty acid compositions of liver and brain tissue, the oils mixed with 2.5% lard and various levels of perilla oil and evening primrose oil were administered to the male rats of the Sprague-Dawley for 4 weeks . In the fatty acid composition of liver lipid, saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents were rich in the phopholiipide and cholesteryl ester fraction. Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents were rich in the triglyceride fraction and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents were rich in the phospholipid fraction. In the fatty acid composition of liver lipid fractions, according as the contents of mixed perilla oil decreased and the contents of mixed evening primrose oil increased , n -3 PUFA contents tended to decrease and n-6 PUFA contents tended to increase. Fatty acid composition of liver lipid fractions were influenced from the fatty acid composition of the test lipids. In the fatty acid composition of brain phospholipd, PUFA contents (40%) were rich and according as the contents of mixed evening primrose oil increased, the ratio on n-3/n-6 PUFA and eicosapentaenoid acid (EPA) /arachidonic acid (AA) tended to slightly decrease.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.61-86
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• 1990

To study the effect of prostglandin $E_2$ and evening primrose oil on orthodontic tooth movement in rats, one hundred and sixty rats were divided into four groups of 40 rats each. One group, injected with saline on the palate subperiosteally, served as a control group. A second and third group were injected subperiosteally on the palate with $PGE_2$ $10{\mu}g$ and evening primrose oil 10mg respectively. The fourth group was given indomethacin $20{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ orally by water bottle. The maxillary first molar was moved mesially from the incisors using a 50gm force rubber band. In each group at the 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7th day, 4 rats were examined by light microscope, and 4 by electron microscope. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Osteoclastic activity was maximum at the 3rd day in the $PGE_2$ group on the interradicular alveolar bone of the first molar, followed by the evening primrose oil group, control group, and indomethacin group. 2. Root resorption and vacuolar changes were maximum in the $PGE_2$ group. 3. At the 3rd day of the $PGE_2$ group, the osteoclasts showed well developed ruffled borders and clear zones. At the same day, the evening primrose oil group also showed well developed ruffled borders and clear zones, but less than the $PGE_2$ group. 4. At the 3rd and 5th day of the $PGE_2$ group, fibroblasts showed phagocytized fragmented collagen fibers in the cytoplasm. At the 7th day of the $PGE_2$ group, fibroblasts showed collagen fibers forming at the cell membrane surface.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.548-554
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• 1994

In order to observe the effects of the feeds mixed with the lard and two vegetable seed oils on the fatty acid compositions of serum lipkid and lipoprotein, the oils mixed with 2.5% lard and various levels of perilla oil and evening promrose oil were administered to the male rats of the Sprague-DAwley for 4 weeks. In the fatty acid compositions of serum lipid and serum lipoprotein fractions, as the content so f mixed perilla oil decreased and the contents of mixed evening primrose oil increased, n -3 PUFa (polyunsaturated fatty acid) contents and ratio of EPA/AA (eicisapentaenoiidacid/arachidonic acid) tended to decrease, but n-6 PUFA contents and ratio of AA/PUFA tended to increase. Fatty acid compositions of serum lipid and serum lipoprotein fractions were influenced from the fatty acid composition of the test lipids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1518-1522
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• 2000

Since the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosatetraenoic acid (22:4n-6), is a major functional constituent of avian spermatozoa, the effects of two dietary oils rich in fatty acids which are metabolic precursors of 22:4n-6 on the fatty acid profiles of testicular lipids were investigated during a 39 week period of supplementation from 21 to 60 weeks of age. The effects on liver lipids were determined for comparison. Dietary supplementation of male chickens with Arasco Oil, which provides a large amount of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), increased the proportion of 20:4n-6 in liver phospholipid by almost 2.5-fold. Although liver phospholipid normally contains very little 22:4n-6, this proportion was significantly increased as a result of Arasco feeding, indicating that the conversion of 20:4n-6 to 22:4n-6 was occurring. The phospholipid of the testis contains much higher proportions of 20:4n-6 and particularly of 22:4n-6 than the liver; supplementation with Arasco Oil significantly increased the proportions of both these polyunsaturates in testis phospholipid but the magnitude of this effect was much lower than that which occurred in the liver. Dietary supplementation with Evening Primrose Oil which contains ${\gamma}-linolenic $ acid (18:3n-6) resulted in significant increases in the proportions of 20:4n-6 and 22:4n-6 in liver phospholipid, although the extent of this increase was less than that produced by the Arasco Oil. By contrast, the feeding of Evening Primrose Oil did not alter the fatty acid composition of phospholipid in the testis. The findings raise the possibility that dietary supplementation with Arasco Oil may modulate the fatty acid profile of avian spermatozoa in a way which could potentially be beneficial for fertility. Moreover, the weights of the testes were almost doubled as a result of supplementation with Arasco Oil or Evening Primrose Oil.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.93-109
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• 1992

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate both the immunomodulatory effect of evening primrose(EP) oil and the effects of EP oil on immunoregulation by cyclophosphamide in mice. EP oil at doses of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 ml/kg were orally administered to ICR male mice once daily for 28 consecutive days. Cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally to ICR mice with a single dose of 5 mg/kg at 2 days before secondary immunization. Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells(S-RBC). Immnune responses were evaluated by humoral and cellular immune responses and non-specific immune response. The results of this study were summarized as follows; (1) The humoral immune responses such as hemagglutination titer(HA), hemolysin titer(HY), Arthus reaction and plaque forming cell(PFC) were significantly enhanced in the low dose EP oil administered groups(0.1 and 0.2 ml/kg). However, in the high dose EP oil administered group(0.4 ml/kg) the responses were significantly lowered. (2) In the case of cellular immune responses, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction(DTH) was significantly decreased in EP oil whereas rosette forming cell(RFC) was remarkably enhanced. (3) Activities of natural killer cells and phagocyte were generally enhanced in EP oil. In addition, serum albumin and globulin were also increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.312-319
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• 1991

This study was designed to observe the effects of the fish oil and some seed oils on the improvement of the lipid composition in rats. In order to induce the triglyceridemia in the rats of the Sprague-Dawley, 12% coconut oil and 3％ each of olive oil, lard, fish oil, perilla oil, corn oil, red pepper seed oil and evening primrose oil were administered to the rats for tweets. Total cholesterol concentrations of serum were lower in the fish oil, perilla oil and corn oil groups and by for higher in the red pepper seed oil and evening primrose oil groups than in the olive oil group(control group). HDL-cholesterol concentrations were a little higher in the red pepper oil and evening primrose oil groups. In the ratio of HDL-cholesterol concentrations to total cholesterol concentrations, all groups were higher percentage than the control group. Cholesteryl ester concentrations of serum were high in n-6 PUFA rich red pepper seed oil and evening primrose oil group. In the ratio of cholesteryl ester concentrations to total cholesterol, all groups(70.0~74.4%)were higher than the control group(62％). Phospholipid concentrations of serum were low in the fish oil and perilla oil groups and triglyceride concentrations were remarkably lower in the fish oil and evening primrose oil groups than in the control group. LCAT activities of serum were higher in the lard group than in the control group, but lower in the other groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1041-1047
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of chemical and sensory properties and cholesterol lowering effect of milk treated with $\beta$-cyclodextrin to reduce cholesterol and supplemented with evening primrose oil (EPO). The average cholesterol removal rate was 93.5%. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) absorbance increased proportionally to storage period and amount of EPO addition. TBA absorbance was significantly different in the EPO-added groups from that in unadded groups in all periods. The production of short-chain free fatty acids (FFA) increased with longer period of storage. From 6 days of storage, the amounts of short-chain FFA in 6 and 10% EPO-added groups were significantly different from other groups. The scores for all sensory characteristics indicated that sensory quality decreased with both storage time and increasing amount of EPO. Oxidative off-flavor and off-taste were more intense with higher amounts of EPO addition and longer storage period. Also, the higher the amount of EPO addition, the lower overall scores throughout the 15 day storage. Feeding 10% EPO-supplemented cholesterol-reduced milk increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) in male Sprague-Dawley rats by 76%, which is significantly different from the control (27%).

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary oils on the levels of the ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid in chicken meat lipids. Three hundred ten five, 1-d old, male, Ross strain, broiler chicks were fed for 35 d to compare diets containing evening primrose oil(EPO) and hemp seed oil(HO) to a control diet. Fatty acid composition of lipid from chicken skin, thigh and breast muscle were determined at the end of the trial. The level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of lipids from chicken meat fed diets containing EPO or HO was significantly higher than that of the control group(p<0.05). The level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of lipids from chicken skin was highest in the group, which had been fed the EPO 0.85%, followed in order by EPO 0.7%, 0.5%, EPO mixed oil, HO and HO mixed oil. There was a significant difference in the level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of chicken skin between the control and treatment groups(p<0.05). The level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of lipids from chicken thigh muscle was also similar to skin, and significantly higher than that of the control group(p<0.05). The level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of lipids from chicken breast muscle was highest in the group, which had been fed the EPO 0.5%, followed in order by EPO 0.7%, 0.85%, HO 0.5% and HO mixed oil. There was a significant difference in the level of ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid of chicken breast muscle between the control and treatment groups(p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.37 no.2 s.145
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• pp.85-91
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• 2006

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of evening primrose oil (EPO) on the male sexual functions. EPO (daily 0.5 ml/mouse) was orally intubated for 28 consecutive days to experimental ICR mice, and same vol. of vehicle to control mice. On the 14th and 28th experimental day, the testis weight, number of complete intromissions and mating, serum testosterone and cGMP levels, prostaglandin leveIs of penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells, and NO-productive activity of endothelial cells were determined. The weight of body and testis, the number of complete intromissions during the 3hour period were somewhat increased in EPO treated mice than those of control. The number of sperm-positive females and testosterone level in serum were increased in experimental groups. The serum cGMP level was significantly increased but the NO production of ionomycin-stimulated HUVEC cells was not affected when EPO was added into cultures. These results suggest that oral administration of EPO enhanced the sexual functions of male mice, and EPO could be developed as a tonic improving sexual functions.