• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the initial outcomes of proton beam therapy (PBT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in terms of tumor response and safety. Materials and Methods: HCC patients who were not indicated for standard curative local modalities and who were treated with PBT at Samsung Medical Center from January 2016 to February 2017 were enrolled. Toxicity was scored using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0. Tumor response was evaluated using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST). Results: A total of 101 HCC patients treated with PBT were included. Patients were treated with an equivalent dose of $62-92GyE_{10}$. Liver function status was not significantly affected after PBT. Greater than 80% of patients had Child-Pugh class A and albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade 1 up to 3-months after PBT. Of 78 patients followed for three months after PBT, infield complete and partial responses were achieved in 54 (69.2%) and 14 (17.9%) patients, respectively. Conclusion: PBT treatment of HCC patients showed a favorable infield complete response rate of 69.2% with acceptable acute toxicity. An additional follow-up study of these patients will be conducted.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.719-739
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to find the effect of the astronomical learning program using SGIM on metacognition and science process skills in the elementary scientific gifted students. For this purpose, this research developed the astronomical learning program using SGIM. This program was totally consisted 9 lessen. there was 6 part in this program. It contained select the subject and small grouping (step 1-2), planing inquiry (step 3), doing inquiry (step 4-6), making a report (step 7), announcing (step 8), evaluation (step 9). To find the effect of the astronomical learning program using sgim on metacognition and science process skills in the elementary scientific gifted students. 20 participants was selected. These students were attended at a scientific gifted class (3rd grade) of an elementary school located in Ulsan. First, metacognition test and science process skills test was used to find the effect of the astronomical learning program using SGIM. And the results were analyzed by SPSSWIN 18.0. The results of this study were as follows. First, the astronomical learning program using SGIM was a positive effects on metacognition of the elementary scientific gifted students (t=3.371, p=.001). Second, the astronomical learning program using SGIM was a positive effects on science process skills of the elementary scientific gifted students (t=3.104, p=.021). According to this research, the astronomical learning program using SGIM was verified to improve metacognition and science process skills on the elementary scientific gifted students. It will be contribute on the curriculum construction of the gifted school or gifted class.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.384-395
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• 2000

Recently performance assessments have been recommended as an alternative to traditional assessment methods such as multiple-choice written test. Performance assessment is suggested to facilitate students' creativity, participation and learning motivations in science classes. In this study, performance assessment materials were developed for a biology unit of middle school science 1, 'Plants Around Us', and then the assessment materials were applied to assess students' understandings and attitudes related to each topic of the unit. A total of 186 7th grade students at a southern large city participated in this study. From the study, the following were obtained: 1. Various type of the performance assessment materials, such as observation report, peer evaluation, interview have been developed for the unit 'Plants around us.' 2. Students' understandings on the topics appeared to be sound, and the students' interest and cooperative problem-solving abilities have been cultivated through the small group activities. The science classes became more student-centered. 3. Teacher's burden has increased due to the practices of performance assessment, but it could be handled by teacher's commitment and management skills. 4. The students' responses to performance assessments were positive, in general.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop a math test for identification of the mathematically gifted on the basis of their math creative problem solving ability and to evaluate the goodness of the test. Especially, testing reliability and validity of scoring method on the basis of fluency only for evaluation of math creative problem solving ability was one of the main purposes. Ten closed math problems and 5 open math problems were developed requiring math thinking abilities such as intuitive insight, organization of information, inductive and deductive reasoning, generalization and application, and reflective thinking. The 10 closed math test items of Type I and the 5 open math test items of Type II were administered to 1,032 Grade 7 students who were recommended by their teachers as candidates for gifted education programs. Students' responses were scored by math teachers. Their responses were analyzed by BIGSTEPS and 1 parameter model of item analyses technique. The item analyses revealed that the problems were good in reliability, validity, item difficulty and item discriminating power even when creativity was scored based on the single criteria of fluency. This also confirmed that the open problems which are less-defined, less-structured and non-entrenched were good in measuring math creative problem solving ability of the candidates for math gifted education programs. In addition, it was found that the math creative problem solving tests discriminated applicants for the two different gifted educational institutions.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.624-638
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• 2019

A questionnaire was administered, and all responses were analyzed to examine prospective teachers' conceptual understanding of the relationship between dew point temperature and absolute humidity in air parcels. The responses revealed that many prospective teachers have substantial misconceptions about the relationship. For example, some thought that the absolute humidity and the dew point temperature are proportional to each other, and that the dew point temperature is proportional to the water vapor mass in the parcel. The misconceptions seemingly stemmed from inadequate descriptions on the relationship in middle-school science textbooks of the 7th and 2007 revised curricula. The study notes that the first year students' textbook of the 2015 revised curriculum introduced the concepts of evaporation, condensation, and volume changes as a function of gaseous pressure and temperature, from a perspective of molecular motion. It is suggested that keeping this perspective in the middle school curriculum, while introducing water vapor pressure as the measure of water vapor amount and dew point temperature, should help prevent middle school teachers and students from having misconceptions. There should be a concerted effort to make the science curriculum more consistent and coherent across the grade levels.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.443-450
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• 2001

Objective : The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor $p27^{kip1}$ protein is a negative regulator of the cell cycle, and its degradation is required for entry into the S phase. Loss of $p27^{kip1}$ expression has been reported to be associated with aggressive behavior in a variety of tumors of epithelial and lymphoid origin. However, its association with various astrocytic tumors has not been clearly demonstrated. We studied to investigate the relationship of $p27^{kip1}$ expression with the biological behavior of astrocytic tumors in addition to study on the role of $p27^{kip1}$ in the tumorigenesis of these tumors. Patients and Methods : From 1990 to 1998, a total of 29 astrocytic tumor of all grades obtained by operative resection were included for evaluation. We studied the expression of $p27^{kip1}$ protein immunohistochemical assay in astrocytic tumors and compared the findings with the clinicopathologic parameters. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. According to WHO classification, all cases were divided into astrocytomas(4 cases), anaplastic astrocytomas(9 cases), and glioblastomas(16 cases) by 3 pathologists. Clinical information was obtained from medical records, and others such as location and size of tumors from imaging studies. Results : Mean $p27^{kip1}$ protein labeling indexes(LI, mean${\pm}$standard deviation) of astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas, and glioblastomas were $80.6{\pm}9.1$, $63.6{\pm}21.0$, and $28.9{\pm}18.7$, respectively, and were inversely correlated with grade of glial tumors(p<0.0001). Mean $p27^{kip1}$ protein LI in the recurrent group was lower than that in the nonrecurrent group, but there was no significant difference statistically(p=0.464). Additionally, $p27^{kip1}$ protein expression did not show any significant relationship to other prognostic factors such as age(p=0.1643), tumor size(p=0.8), or location(p=0.8). Conclusion : These results suggested that reduced expression of $p27^{kip1}$ protein may play a important role in the malignant transformation process of astrocytic tumor cells.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.309-317
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• 2010

The stainless steel wire is extensively used for the orthodontic treatment. But, the stainless steel wire that has commonly superior corrosion resistance has caused hypersensitive reaction or allergy as side effects because of corrosion in the oral environment. For improving the problem of corrosion, we was evaluated the suitability of the duplex stainless steel(DSS) as orthodontic wire through this study. The DSS wire was evaluated the mechanical strength and bio-stability for suitability and bio-compatibility as orthodontic wire. In this work, the DSS and stainless steel(SS) as common use of medical grade were prepared for the tensile strength test. The DSS wire were treated by heat. and Temperature conditions of the heat treatment were $28^{\circ}C$, $500^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$, $700^{\circ}C$, $800^{\circ}C$, $900^{\circ}C$, respectively. And the DSS wires that treated by heat on the optimum temperature condition were conducted the bending moment test and calculated the S-Max value and the modulus of elasticity. For evaluating the bio stability, each materials were conducted in vitro test for measuring the cell survival rate. The most interesting results was that the tensile strength test of SS wire($8.17\times10^4\;N/mm^2$) and DSS wire($8.05\times10^4\;N/mm^2$) that treated at $500^{\circ}C$ by heat were similar in mechanical strength. In the bio-stability study, the DSS has no cytotoxicity (p=0.05) Thus, we could make a conclusion that the duplex stainless steel wire has vastly superior corrosion resistance was suitable as orthodontic wire.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.6 no.2 s.20
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• pp.15-24
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• 2004

Oxidation causes increment of the quantity of large molecular size or LMS in asphalt and is a major reason for hardening of asphalt binder. An extended service life of pavement on a road is expected by reducing oxidation of binder. Oxidation of binder occurs during hot mixing with aggregates before placement on road and then during in-service after the asphalt pavement is constructed. Quantitative increase of LMS as result of aging after RTFO and PAV was analyzed based on the data from high-pressure gel-permeation chromatography (HP-GPC). Polymer modified asphalt (PMA) after RTFO procedure showed 20-30% increment in LMS and then after PAV procedure more than twice, although the percentage of increment was different according to asphalt brand and grade. The PMAs containing LDPE or SBS, which showed a great mechanical property improvement in previous studies, were selected for characterizing PMA aging In this study. Considerably reduced increment of LMS was observed from the PMA containing LDPE after RTFO and PAV procedures. The GPC result showing the binder with less LMS increment means that the asphalt while being mixed with LDPE was aged less during the aging treatment. The dispersed particle of LDPE in asphalt cement seems to disturb oxidative aging reaction and evaporation.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.102-109
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• 2011

Purpose : To retrospectively evaluate the usefulness of diffusion-weighted images, ADC maps and conventional MR images for determination of brain tumor consistency. Materials and Methods : Twenty-three patients with brain tumor underwent MR examinations with T1, T2 and diffusion-weighted images. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn in the tumors, and the measured signal intensities (SI) were normalized with the contralateral side. We evaluated the correlation between SI ratios from various images and tumor consistency assessed at surgery. In three patients with both cystic and solid components, each component was evaluated independently. Qualitatively observed SIs were also correlated with tumor consistency. Results : Statistical analysis revealed significant correlation between tumor consistency and ADC ratio (r = -0.586, p = 0.002), SI ratios on T2-weighted images (r = -0.497, p = 0.010), and observed SIs on T2-weighted images (r = -0.461, p = 0.018). The relative ratio of ADC value correlated with tumor consistency most strongly. Conclusion : The measured ratio of ADC, SI ratio and observed SI grade on T2-weighted images can provide valuable information about the consistency of brain tumor.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.221-232
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the CoRe-based density unit class on conceptual formation and on learner satisfaction with the class. For this study, two hundred and forty 8th grade students were chosen from six classes. The students were divided into two groups: an experimental group, which received a CoRe-based density unit lesson, and a control group, which was taught based on traditional teaching method. The CoRe-based density unit classes consisted of 4 periods based on the analysis of the previous studies on CoRe about density. The results showed the meaningful significant difference between the CoRe-based classes and the classes based on traditional teaching method both in the posttest on the extent of the conceptual formation on the density and in the retention test. The difference suggests that the lesson with CoRe is based on the consideration of the difficulties and limitations students face in various fields such as the students themselves, teachers, learning environment, evaluation, etc. during their learning process and even in the types of preconception they have, and the CoRe-based lesson is centered around the best teaching strategies to solve such difficulties. As a result of the analysis on the experimental group's class satisfaction, it is revealed that the students with a high level of attitudes related science or with a high level of science achievement showed especially high satisfaction in their learning. Analysis of questionnaire survey showed that the students in the experimental group got the opportunity through CoRe-based lesson to stretch their thoughts and ideas in a free way and preferred a teaching method which didn't just show the concept, but allowed them to find it for themselves or which let them predict the solution and then confirm the result on their own and a lesson which encouraged their active participation.