• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Since subway fire disaster at Daegu, Korea smoke control system and passengers evacuation distance has been focused to reform. Existing smoke control facilities need to expand volume of ventilation capacity however, the complicate subway station structure can hardly react dispersion of smokes from massive subway cabin fire. Smoke flow at platform level move upward thought vertical stairway and passengers evacuation goes with same direction. The victims of evacuees from subway station fire mainly due to exposure of heat radiation and smoke. The study demonstration the effect of downward evacuates stairway system by separating evacuation route to smoke movement pass way including saving times of evacuation.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2021

The public relations room of the waste disposal facility is a space that can be visited by a large number of unevaluated personnel. Therefore, it is essential to design against fire, and research on fire and evacuation is essential. In this study, in order to evaluate the safety of the occupants in the event of fire and evacuation based on the life safety standards of occupants, the increase in risk due to heat, visible distance, and toxic gases on a plane 1.8m from the floor, which is the limit of breathing of the evacuee, over time. It was analyzed by location. As a result, the RSET of the P-01 exit was 93.0 seconds and the ASET was 272.6 seconds, the RSET of the P-02 exit was 45.8 seconds, the ASET was 147.7 seconds, the RSET of the P-03 exit was 106 seconds, and the ASET was 182.9 seconds.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.385-392
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• 2022

Naval ship could face a variety of threats in isolated seas. In particular, fires and flooding are defined as disasters that are very likely to cause irreparable damage to ships. These disasters have a very high risk of personal injury as well. Therefore, when a disaster occurs, it must be quickly suppressed, but if there are people in the disaster area, the protection of life must be given priority. In order to quickly evacuate the ship crew in case of a disaster, we would like to propose a plan to quickly explore the evacuation route even in urgent situations. Using commercial escape simulation software, we obtain the data for deep neural network learning with simulations according to aisle characteristics and the properties and number of evacuation person. Using the obtained data, the passage prediction model is trained with a deep learning, and the passage time is predicted through the learned model. Construct a numerical map of a naval ship and construct a distance matrix of the vessel using predicted passage time data. The distance matrix configured in one of the path search algorithms, the Dijkstra algorithm, is applied to explore the evacuation path of naval ship.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.265-278
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• 2021

When a dangerous event arises for people inside a building and an immediate evacuation is required, it is important that suitable routes have been previously defined. These situations can happen especially when buildings are crowded, making the occupants have a very high vulnerability and can be trapped if they do not evacuate quickly and safely. However, in most cases, routes are considered based just on their proximity or short distance to the exit areas, and evacuation simulations that include more variables are not performed. This work aims to propose a methodology for building's indoor evacuation activities under the premise of processing simulation scenarios in multi-agent environments. In the methodology, importance indexes of simplified and validated geometry data from a BIM (Building Information Modeling) are considered as heuristic input data in a proposed algorithm. The algorithm is based on AP-Theta^* pathfinding and collision avoidance machine learning techniques. It also includes conditioning variables such as the number of people, speed of movement as well as reaction ability of the agents that influence the evacuation times. Moreover, collision avoidance is applied between people or with objects along the route. The simulations using the proposed algorithm are tested in NetLogo for diverse scenarios, showing feasible evacuation routes and calculating evacuation times in a multi-agent environment. The experimental results are obtained by applying the method in a study case and demonstrate the level of effectiveness of the algorithm, and the influence of the conditioning variables analyzed together when performing safe evacuation routes.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.196-205
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• 2016

Background: The emergency planning zone (EPZ) of the city of Busan is divided into the precautionary actions zone (PAZ) and the urgent protective action planning zone; which have a 5-km radius and a 20-km to 21-km radius from the nuclear power plant site, respectively. In this study, we assumed that a severe accident occurred at Shin-Kori nuclear unit 3 and evaluated the dispersion speed of radiological material at each distance at various wind speeds, and estimated the effective dose equivalent and the evacuation time of PAZ residents with the goal of supporting off-site emergency action planning for the nuclear site. Materials and Methods: The total effective dose equivalent, which shows the effect of released radioactive materials on the residents, was evaluated using the RASCAL 4.2 program. In addition, a survey of 1,036 residents was performed using a standardized questionnaire, and the resident evacuation time according to road and distance was analyzed using the VISSIM 6.0 program. Results and Discussion: According to the results obtained using the VISSIM and RASCAL programs, it would take approximately 80 to 252.2 minutes for permanent residents to move out of the PAZ boundary, 40 to 197.2 minutes for students, 60 to 232.2 minutes for the infirm, such as elderly people and those in a nursing home or hospital, and 30 to 182.2 minutes for those temporarily within the area. Consequently, in the event of any delay in the evacuation, it is estimated that the residents would be exposed to up to $10mSv{\cdot}h^{-1}$ of radiation at the Exclusion Area Boundaries (EAB) boundary and $4-6mSv{\cdot}h^{-1}$ at the PAZ boundary. Conclusion: It was shown that the evacuation time for the residents is adequate in light of the time lapse from the initial moment of a severe accident to the radiation release. However, in order to minimize the evacuation time, it is necessary to maintain a system of close collaboration to avoid traffic congestion and spontaneous evacuation attempts.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.3-10
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• 2017

This study compared evacuation effectiveness between the conventional school auditorium plan and a suggested hypothetical plan that was generated by a mathematical model, which is commonly applied in the field of industrial engineering. Recent school buildings became much more complicated in floor planning due to new social needs and modern curriculum than the old days. Nevertheless, architect's approach to floor composition in terms of fire emergency evacuation planning, still has no relation to optimized effective but relies more on an conventional school planning. Therefore, since school buildings are much more likely to be exposed to any fire related events than any other building types, emergency exit effectiveness based on spatial composition has to be seriously evaluated with a scientific method. The algorithm, which acquires the number of persons in each spatial type(node) per floor and the minimum physical distance between spatial types(arc), can propose the most optimized spatial layout per floor regarding emergency evacuation event. Consequently, this study evaluated school's fire exit effectiveness focusing on auditorium area with the scientific tool and suggested the most reliable spatial layout regarding possibile emergency evacuation event.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.3-10
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• 2016

This study compared evacuation effectiveness between the conventional school floor plan and a suggested hypothetical floor plan that was generated by a mathematical model that is commonly applied in the field of industrial engineering. Recent school buildings became much more complicated in floor planning due to the new educational system and modern curriculum than the old days. Nevertheless, architect's approach to floor composition in terms of fire emergency evacuation planning, still has no relation to optimized effective but relies more on a conventional school planning. Therefore, since elementary school buildings are much more likely to be exposed to any fire related events than middle school or high-school, emergency exit effectiveness based on spatial composition has to be seriously evaluated with a scientific method. The algorithm, which acquires the number of persons in each spatial type (node) per floor and the minimum physical distance between spatial types (arc), can propose the most optimized spatial compositing per floor regarding emergency evacuation event. Consequently, this study evaluated elementary school's fire exit effectiveness with the scientific tool and suggested the most reliable spatial composition per floor regarding possibile emergency evacuation event.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

Recently as the rapid increasing of the elderly, silver housing has grown up. Though much fire evacuation and safety law, fire accident is most dangerous problem in our society. So this study is the purpose to analyze evacuation safety in urban silver housing of floor planning by corridor types using human behavior simulation. The methodology of this study is 'Literature Review' and 'Simulation'. This study has been carried out on silver housing's definition, types, fire safety theory and relation law. To proof evacuation safety, this study measured escaping time, longest distance, and bottleneck counting using human behavior simulation. This study use game engine simulation program to analyze 6 corridor types experimental model. As the result of simulation, this study compare between ASET and simulation result. The result come down to 3 part. First, double loaded corridor type is the most dangerous on urban silver housing. Second, Safe shelter's location and number cause increasing of escaping time. Lastly escaping time is influenced by behavior of agent, bottle neck strike frequency.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.429-438
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• 2013

In this study, compare and analyze for high-rise evacuation safety design criteria improvement about internal high-rise building egress safety rule. To the result, high-rise evacuation safety design criteria improvement data can be summarized as follows. First, should compute the evacuation capacity about the number of persons and when more than 2 exits are requested, over 50% of evacuation capacity must be satisfied even approaching to 1 exit is unable. Second, 2 ways of evacuation can be made smoothly by the stair or exit separation-distance standard regulation. Third, regulate the length limitation of dead-end corridor or passageway and it should give grades in limitation of whether the spring-cooler has been installed. Fourth, must secure the evacuation way and do the evacuee guidance when it's safety area and elevator or stair. Also needs to provide extra safety area to secure horizontal direction Escape Safety except fire escaping floor.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2016

Some studies were conducted for the purpose of minimizing total clearance time for rapid evacuation from the indoor spaces when disaster occurs. Most studies took a long time to calculate the optimal evacuation route that derived minimum evacuation time. For this reason, this study proposes an evacuation route assignment algorithm that can shorten the total clearance time in a short operational time. When lots of exits are in the building, this algorithm can shorten the total clearance time by assigning the appropriate pedestrian traffic volume to each exit and balances each exit-load. The graph theory and greedy algorithm were utilized to assign pedestrian traffic volume to each exit in this study. To verify this algorithm, study used a cellular automata-based evacuation simulator and experimented various occupants distribution in a building structure. As a result, the total clearance time is reduced by using this algorithm, compared to the case of evacuating occupants to the exit within shortest distance. And it was confirmed that the operation takes a short time In a large building structure.