• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.441-450
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and to predict of eutrophication in lakes by using VollenweiderGECD model and total phosphorus concentration and inflow rate which were measurded in 1993-1996. The results of study was as follows. The annual total phosphorus loading from the watershed was calculated to be 181-195tP /yr at lake Soyang, 591-680tP/yr at lake Chungju, 420-466tP/yr at lake Taechong, 229-278tP/yr at lake Andong, 103-106tP/yr at lake Hapchon, 57-59tP/yr at lake Imha, 194-244tP/yr at lake Namgang, 8386tP /yr at lake Chuam, 99-109tP /yr at lake Somjin. These are discharged, for the most parts, from population and ftshfarm facility. TP loading on the surface area at lake Soyang was 3.0lgP/$m^2$/yr, 2.82gP/$m^2$/yr, 2.84gP/$m^2$/yr, 3. 03gP/$m^2$/yr, at lake Chungju 7.91gP/$m^2$/yr, 6.87gP/$m^2$/yr, 7.38gP/$m^2$/yr, 7.l8gP/$m^2$/yr, at lake Taechong 6.7lgP/$m^2$/yr, 7.25gP/$m^2$/yr, 7.24gP/$m^2$/yr, 6.53gP/$m^2$/yr and TP loading on the surface area of Nakdong river basin, that is, lake Andong, Imha, Hapchon and Namgang were 5.39gP/$m^2$/yr, 4.47gP/$m^2$/yr, 4. 56gP/$m^2$/yr, 4.45gP/$m^2$/yr and 2.20gP/$m^2$/yr, 2.23gP/$m^2$/yr, 2.24gP/$m^2$/yr, 2.l7gP/$m^2$/yr and 4.50gP/$m^2$/ yr, 4.50gP/$m^2$/yr, 4.54gP/$m^2$/yr, 4.43gP/$m^2$/yr and 8.25gP/$m^2$/yr, 8.48gP/$m^2$/yr, 8.48gP/$m^2$/yr, 10. 39gP/$m^2$/yr respectively. Also those of lake Chuam was 2.51gP/$m^2$/yr, 2.61gP/$m^2$/yr, 2.52gP/$m^2$/yr, 2. 54gP/$m^2$/yr and TP loading on the surface area at lake Somjin was analysed 4.09gP/$m^2$/yr, 4.l0gP/$m^2$/yr, 3.98gP/$m^2$/yr,3.73gP/$m^2$/yr. The tropic states of nine lakes can be assessed as eutrophy because phosphorus loading exceeds the critical phosphorus loading by Vollenwelder-GECD model.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.136-150
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• 2002

시화호의 수질을 개선할 목적으로 배수갑문을 통하여 외해수를 자유롭게 유통하는 방안이 고려되고 있다. 좁은 갑문을 통해 외해와 연결된 하구호는 갑문을 열고 닫는 것에 따라 희석 확산되고 상류 하천의 유입과 바람에 의해서 순환이 영향을 받는다. 이런 하구호의 수질예측목적으로 3타원 유한체적모형인 CE-QUAL-ICM을 3차원의 유한요소 동수역학모형인 TIDE3B와 연계 적응하였다. 서로 다른 두가지의 모형을 접합하여 이용할 때 발생될 수 있는 오차를 질량보존을 만족하면서 최소로 줄일 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 실제 관측치와의 비교검증을 통한 후 일년간 모델을 시험한 결과, 미 확정적인 초기조건의 영향을 받아 계산 초기의 60일간의 신뢰성은 의문시 되었다. 그러나 이후에는 부영양화 인자나 다른 수질 인자들이 준정상상태에 다다르는 결과를 보여 초기의 영향을 원만히 다를 수 있는 완화방안이 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. 수체와 저질사이의 반응도 모의하였지만 이 영향은 크지 않아 장기간의 모의에서는 저질의 영향을 고려하지 않아도 무난할 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서 새롭게 적용된 기법을 이용한 모의결과는 하구호의 수질개선을 위해 부영양화를 저감하는 것뿐만 아니라 능동적인 순환을 고려하는데 만족스럽게 응용될 수 있는 가능성을 보여주고 있다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.145-159
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 충주댐을 대상으로 유역모델인 SWAT과 저수지모델인 CE-QUAL-W2를 연계 적용하여 기후변화에 따라 저수지로 유입되는 하천의 유량 및 탁수발생량을 모의하고, 저수지내의 탁수변화 및 부영양화 영향평가를 통한 저수지 수환경 변화를 전망하였다. 먼저 SWAT을 적용하여 강우시 저수지 유입하천의 유량 및 수질을 모의하여 모델의 재현성을 검토하였으며, 모형의 보정(2000~2005)과 검증(2006~2010) 결과 모델 예측값과 실측값이 적절하게 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. SWAT의 결과를 CE-QUAL-W2의 하천유량 및 유입수 수질경계조건 입력자료로 활용하고, 보정(2010년)과 검증(2008년)을 통하여 저수지 내 시간에 따른 물수지, 수온 변화, 부유물질(SS), T-N, T-P 및 부영양화(Chl-a) 양상 등을 분석하고 모델의 재현성을 검토하였다. 이후 기후변화 시나리오 적용에 따른 저수지 내수환경변화를 모의하기 위한 기후변화자료로 IPCC AR4 GCM(ECHO-G)을 고해상도지역 기후 시나리오로 개선시킨 RCM(MM5)의 A1B 시나리오를 다시 태풍사상을 고려한 인공신경망 기법에 의해 상세화하여 이용하였다. 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 기온증가의 영향으로 미래로 갈수록 상층수온은 증가하는 반면 심층수온은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. SS 최고유입농도는 평수년에 비해 풍수년에 17%, 갈수년에 0.2% 가량 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 호소내 SS 10mg/L 이상 점유일수는 평수년에 비해 풍수년이 6일, 갈수년이 17일 증가하였고, 점유율 역시 풍수년에 24%, 갈수년에 26%가량 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 미래로 갈수록 기후변화가 충주댐 탁수장기화에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. Chl-a의 최고농도는 평수년에 비해 풍수년에 19%, 갈수년에 3% 가량 조류의 농도가 증가되는 것으로 나타나 조류의 영향이 커지는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.76-88
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• 2000

AGNPS model is applied in this study to analyze the changes of non-point source pollutant according to AMC condition using probable rainfall. Probable rainfall of H-dam area by Gumber's extreme value distribution is computed through frequency analysis for each return period. 35 coarse grids are subdivided into 134 find grids of finite differential network to analyze peak flow soil loss quantity and nutrients of study area and the modified CN estimation equation shows good result about rainfall events-peak flow relationship. And as the consequence of estimation of soil loss quantity for each rainfall event soil loss quantity shows 120%-170% of actual soil loss quantity Regression analysis for the observed and calculated values of flow T-P AMC has an important effect on nutrients concentration of outflow and it if found that the excessive fertilization under AMC III condition may cause eutrophication by nutrients because the range of increase of outflow concentration appears relatively high.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.33-45
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• 1994

Water quality of Chongju and Daejeon Water Intake Tower Region, embayments in Daechong Reservoir was found to be worse than that of main lake after analysis of water which were sampled during April, July, October in 1993. Concentration of COD and SS at those two water intake tower sites were 2.8-5.6 mg/l and 2.2-3.2 mg/l, higher than that of main lake. T-N concentration of those two sites was 1.1-1.9 mg/l similar to that of main lake, and T-P concentration of those two sites was 0.14-0.18 mg/l, higher than that of main lake. This study used water quality model of embayment which can analyse pollutant loads from stream and surrounding land use, advection, decay, and diffusion transport between embayment and main lake. The model can predict water quality of embayment according to the change of pollutant load, water elevation of embayment, quantity of water intake in order to suggest water quality management. This study suggests embayment water quality management alternatives, 1) construction of waste water treatment facilities at embayment and main lake for the decrease of pollutant loading, 2) water intake at main lake less polluted or eutrophicated than embayment, and 3) outflow elevation selection for polluted hypolimnion water outflow during stratification.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.159-171
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• 1990

본 연구의 목적은 담수호에 적합한 Multiple Box모형을 개발, 적용하여 장기 수질예측을 할 수 있도록 하므로써 담수호에서의 수질관리 방안을 제시하는데 있다. 모형은 수문 부모형과 수질 부모형으로 구성되어 있으며, 수질 부모형에서 고려한 수질항목은 수온, Chlorophyll-a, BOD, DO, N과 P 등이었다. 본 모형의 적용은 아산호를 대상으로 시행하였으며, 호의 수문환경조건을 고려하여 호를 상층은 2개의 Box, 하층은 1개의 Box 등 총 3개의 box로 분할하였다. 수질예측모형을 아산호에 적용한 결과 대체로 장기적 수질변화추세를 잘 나타내고 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 개발된 수질모형의 미래의 오염부하량을 입력하여 수질개선 방안들을 비교한 결과, Chlorophyll-a의 경우 무린세제의 도입이, BOD와 T-N의 경우 고도하수처리시, T-P의 경우 축산폐수의 저감시 각각 효과가 큰 것으로 평가되었다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

Generation and transportation of runoff and pollutant loads within watershed generated eutrophication at Daecheong reservoir. To improve water quality at Daecheong reservoir, the best management practices should be developed and applied at upper watersheds for water quality improvement at downstream areas. In this study, two small watersheds of upper Daecheong reservoir were selected. The Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) model has been widely used for the estimation of the direct runoff worldwide. To apply the L-THIA ArcView GIS model was evaluated for direct runoff and water quality estimation at small watershed. And the Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT) was used for direct runoff separating from total flow. As a result, the $R^2$ (Coefficient of determination) value and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient value for direct runoff comparison at An-nae watershed were 0.81 and 0.71, respectively. And the $R^2$ value and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient value at Wol-oe were 0.95 and 0.93. The $R^2$ value of BOD, TOC, T-N and T-P at An-nae watershed were BOD 0.94, TOC 0.81, T-N 0.94 and T-P 0.89. And the $R^2$ value of BOD, TOC, T-N and T-P at Wol-oe watershed were BOD 0.80, TOC 0.93, T-N 0.86 and T-P 0.65. The result that estimated pollutant loadings using the L-THIA ArcView GIS model reflected well the measured pollutant loadings except for T-P in Wol-oe watershed. With L-THIA ArcView GIS model, the direct runoff and non-point pollutant (NPS) loadings in the watershed could be analyzed through simple input data such as daily rainfall, land uses, and hydrologic soil group.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2001

The Keum river is one of the important river in Korea and has a drainage area of 9,873$\textrm{km}^2$. The Keum river is deepening pollution state due to development of the lower city and construction of a industrial complex. The water quality of the Keum river come to eutrophication state and belong to III grade of water quality standard. The concentration BOD in river is affected by the organic loading from a tributary and the algae biomass that largely happen to under eutrophication state. In the eutrophic water mass such as the Keum river, the autochthonous BOD was very important part for making a decision of water quality management, because it was accounted for majority of the total BOD. The purpose of this study was to survey the chatacteristics of water quality in summer and to estimate reaction coefficient. Also, we studied to correlationship between chlorophyll a and BOD(COD) for estimation of the autochthonous BOD. The correlationship between chlorophyll a and BOD(COD) were obtained through the culture experiment of phytoplankton in the laboratory. The results of this study may be summarized as follows ; The characteristics of water quality in summer were belong to III~IV grade of water quality standard as BOD and nutritive condition is very high. The BOD, ammonia nitrogen and phosphate loadings in Miho stream which inflowing untreated sewage from Chungju city was occupied with 64.07%, 26.36%, 46.08%, respectively. Maximum nutrient uptake (Vmax) was 0.4400$\mu$M/hr as substrate of ammonia nitrogen, 0.1652$\mu$M/hr as substrate of phosphate. Maximum specific growth rate ($\mu$max) was 1.2525$hr^{-1}$ as substrate of ammonia nitrogen, 1.5177$hr^{-1}$ as substrate of phosphate. The correlation coefficient between chlorophyll a and BOD by the culture experiment were found to be 0.911~0.935 and 0.942~0.947 in the case adding nutrient and no adding nutrient, respectively. The correlation coefficient between chlorophyll a and COD through the culture experiment were found to be 0.918~0.977 and 0.880~0.931 in the case adding nutrient and no adding nutrient, respectively. The autochthonous BOD(COD) was estimated to the relationship between BOD(COD) and chlorophyll a. The regression equation were found to be autochthonous BOD=(0.045~0.073)${\times}chlorophyll$ a and autochthonous $COD=(0.137~0.182){\times}chlorophyll$ a.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.96-105
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• 2002

As an useful water purification system for non-point source pollution in rural watersheds, interests in constructed wetlands are growing at home and abroad. It is well known that constructed wetlands are easily installed, no special managemental needs, and more flexible at fluctuating influent loads. They have a capacity for purification against nutrient materials such as phosphorus and nitrogen causing eutrophication of lentic water bodies. The Constructed Wetland Design Model (CWDM), developed through this study is consisted mainly of Database System, Runoff-discharge Prediction Submodel, Water Quality Prediction Submodel, and Area Assessment Submodel. The Database System includes data of watershed, discharge, water quality, pollution source, and design factors for the constructed wetland. It supplies data when predicting water quality and calculating the required areas of constructed wetlands. For the assessment of design flow, the GWLF (Generalized Watershed Loading Function) is used, and for water quality prediction in streams estimating influent pollutant load, Water Quality Prediction Submodel, that is a submodel of DSS-WQMRA model developed by previous works is amended. The calculation of the required areas of constructed wetlands is achieved using effluent target concentrations and area calculation equations that developed from the monitoring results in the United States. The CWDM is applied to Bokha watershed to appraise its application by assessing design flow and predicting water quality. Its application is performed through two calculations: one is to achieve each target effluent concentrations of BOD, SS, T-N and T-P, the other is to achieve overall target effluent concentrations. To prove the validity of the model, a comparison of unit removal rates between the calculated one from this study and the monitoring result from existing wetlands in Korea, Japan and United States was made. As a result, the CWDM could be very useful design tool for the constructed wetland in rural watersheds and for the non-point source pollution management.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.270-284
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• 2018

Paldang is a river reservoir located in the Midwest of Korea, with a water volume of $244{\cdot}10^6m^3$ and a water surface area of $36.5km^2$. It has eutrophied since the construction of a dam at the end of 1973, and the phosphorus concentration has decreased since 2001. Average hydraulic residence time of the Paldang reservoir is about 10 days during the spring season and 5.6 days as an annual level. The hydraulics and water quality of the reservoir can differ greatly, both temporally and spatially. For the spring period (March to May) in 2001 ~ 2017, the reservoir mean total phosphorus concentration calculated from the budget model based on a plug-flow system (PF) and a continuous stirred-tank reaction system (CSTR) was 13 % higher and 10 % lower than the observed concentration, respectively. A composite flow system (CF) was devised by assuming that the transition zone was plug flow, and that the lacustrine zone was completely mixed. The mean concentration calculated from the model based on CF was not skewed from the observed concentration, and showed just 6 % error. The retention coefficient of the phosphorus derived from the CF was 0.30, which was less than those of the natural lakes abroad or river reservoirs in Korea. The apparent settling velocity of total phosphorus was estimated to be $93m\;yr^{-1}$, which was 6 ~ 9 times higher than those of foreign natural lakes. Assuming CF, the critical load line for the total phosphorus concentration showed a hyperbolic relation to the hydraulic load in the Paldang reservoir. This is different from the previously known straight critical load line. The trophic state of the Paldang reservoir has recently been estimated to be mesotrophic based on the critical-load curve of the phosphorus budget model developed in this study. Although there is no theoretical error in the newly developed budget model, it is necessary to verify the validity of the portion below the inflection point of the critical-load curve afterwards.