• 간호행정학회지
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.403-414
• /
• 2001

The study was intended to identify the nurses' experiences, understanding, and attitudes on DNR. Also, the study was to provide the data base for a standard of DNR decision-making and practice. The sample consisted of 347 nurses in eight general hospitals. The data were collected between August 1 and August 31, 2000. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and $x^2-test$. The results of the study were as follows : 1. Regarding DNR-related experience, 74.6 percent of the participants experienced DNR situations. Eleven percent of the participants received DNR education. DNR was most frequently (81.5%) requested by family members and relatives of patients. The decision-making on DNR was most frequently (76.8%) made by agreement between family members and medical staff. The DNR order was recorded at 81.9 percent on charts. Problems after DNR order were negligence in treatment and nursing care (30.6%) and guilty feelings due to doing the best (22.1%). CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) was performed about 49.8 percent of DNR cases. 2. Regarding understanding and attitude on DNR, most of the participants (93.1%) thought DNR was necessary. The major reasons for the necessity of DNR were impossible recovery (44.4%) and death with dignity (41.1%). The decision-making on DNR was most frequently made by patient and family members (47.8%) and followed by agreement between family members and medical staff (25.6%), and patients themselves (16.4%). Most of the participants thought that medical staff must explain DNR to critical and end-of-life patients and their family members. Forty four percent of the participants thought that the most appropriate time for DNR explanation was when patients with critical disease were admitted to hospitals. Most of the participants (90.2%) thought a guide book for DNR is necessary to be made in hospitals. 3. There were significant differences in the participants' understanding and attitudes on DNR according to religion career education and experience of DNR. Of the participants those who have religions and education experience on DNR thought that there would be more DNR requests after DNR is explained to patients and family members (p<.05). In addition, there was higher understanding on the necessity of DNR in those who have more career and DNR experience(p<.01). The findings of the study suggest that a guide book for DNR need to be made with inclusion of legal, ethical, and cultural aspects. Also, there needs to be more education on DNR in medical ethics to health care professional and to provide more information on DNR to the general public.

• 의료법학
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.199-235
• /
• 2017

생명공학 연구자들의 중요한 이해 관심 중 하나는 연구를 목적으로, 현재 사용될 수 있거나 미래를 위해 보관될 수 있는 인체유래물을 다루는 것에 관한 논의이다. 본 논문은 인체유래물 연구에서 동의서 없는 폐기용 인체유래물의 재활용을 위한 정당성 모색을 목적으로 한다. 미래의료가 유전체 연구를 통해 예방 의료로 패러다임을 바꿀 것이라는 것은 널리 알려진 사실이다. 선진국들은 인간 유전체 연구를 위해 바이오 뱅크를 설립하여 연구자들을 지원해 오고 있으며, 한국 역시 마찬가지이다. 그런데 현재 한국의 인체유래물 연구자는 기증자의 동의서가 미비된 경우, 인체유래물을 보관할 수는 있으나 사용할 수는 없다. 뿐만 아니라, 인체유래물 연구 자원이 사용 기간이 한정 표시된 동의서로 인해 폐기되기도 한다. 그러나 필자들은 동의서 미비로 인해 현재 폐기되기만을 기다리는 바이오뱅크의 인체유래물이 매우 제한된 조건 하에서는 활용가능하며, 이러한 재활용에 정당한 근거가 있음을 주장한다. 이를 위해 바이오뱅크 및 인체유래물 활용과 관련된 법조문을 고찰하며 동의없는 인체유래물의 활용과 관련하여 제기될 수 있는 윤리적 문제에 대해 검토하고, 바이오뱅크의 폐기용 인체유래물의 재활용 근거를 모색한다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.216-222
• /
• 2013

목적: 본 연구는 노인환자 심폐소생술금지 결정에 대한 간호사의 윤리적 태도와 정서상태를 파악하여 생의 말기에 있는 노인환자가 인간으로서의 존엄성을 유지하도록 돕고, 심폐소생술금지 상황에 효과적으로 대처할 수 있는 간호사의 윤리적 태도와 정서상태의 지지체계를 구축하기 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 한다. 방법: 본 연구는 2011년 8월 1일부터 9월 15일까지 M시에 소재하고 있는 3개의 노인요양병원과 3개의 종합병원에 근무하고 있는 간호사 153명을 대상으로 실시하였으며 수집된 자료는 SPSS WIN Program을 사용하여 실수와 백분율, 평균과 표준편차, Pearson's Correlation Coefficients로 분석하였다. 결과: 심폐소생술금지 결정에 대한 간호사의 윤리적 태도 평균은 2.68/4점이었으며, 가장 높은 점수를 받은 항목은 '심폐소생술금지 환자의 치료범위는 심폐소생술은 시행하지 않지만 다른 치료는 전과 마찬가지로 최선을 다하여 행하는 것이 옳다($3.23{\pm}0.57$)'이며 가장 낮은 점수를 받은 항목은 '심폐소생술금지가 선언된 후 의사들이 환자에게 관심이 줄어드는 것은 당연하다($2.12{\pm}0.63$)'였다. 심폐소생술금지 결정에 대한 간호사의 정서상태 평균은 2.36/4점이었으며, 가장 높은 점수를 받은 항목은 '이해하고 공감한다($2.91{\pm}0.52$)'이며 가장 낮은 점수를 받은 항목은 '불쾌하게 느낀다($2.03{\pm}0.60$)'였다. 심폐소생술금지 결정에 대한 간호사의 윤리적 태도와 정서상태에 대한 상관관계를 분석한 결과 두 변수간의 유의한 상관관계는 나타나지 않았다(r=-0.12, P=0.13). 결론: 노인환자의 심폐소생술금지 결정에 대해 간호사의 윤리적 태도는 비교적 높고 정서상태는 약간 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 요인들은 대상자 특성, 지역사회 및 환경, 문화적 특성 등에 많은 영향을 받을 수 있으므로 앞으로 각각의 변수별로 세분화된 후속연구 및 반복연구를 제언한다.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.396-417
• /
• 1991

In order that nursing care an essential quality of nursing practice be acceptable and satisfying, it is necessary that client's culture be respected and that nursing practice be appropriate to that culture. Since cultural elements are an important influence on health practices and life patterns related to medical treatment, recovery from and prevention of disease, nurses need to have an understanding and knowledge of social and cultural phenomena to aid in the planning of nursing interventions. To understand the health practices surrounding health and illness, the health beliefs and practices of both folk and professional healing systems should be ascertained. Cultural data are required to provide care of high quality to clients and to reduce possible conflict between the client and the nurse. It is nursing's goal to provide clients from various cultures with quality nursing care which is satisfying and valuable. The problem addressed by this study was to identify Korean health practices which would contribute to the planning of professional caring practice with the culture : ultimately this study was intended to make a contribution to the development of the science of nursing. The concrete objectives of this study were ; 1) to identify Korean health practices, 2) to interpret the identitial health practices through traditional cultural thought, and 3) to compare the Korean health practices with those of other cultures. The investigator used the ethnosceintific approach outlined by spradly in a qualitative study. To discover ancestral wisdom and knowledge related to traditional health practeces, the subjects of this study were selected from residents of a small rural mountain village in south west Korea, a place considered to be maintaining and transmitting the traditional culture in a relatively well -preserved state because of being isolated from the modern world. The number of subjects was 18, aged 71 to 89. Research data were collected from January 8 to March 31, 1990. Five categories of health practices were identified : “Manage one's own mind”, “Moderation in all thing”, “Live in accord with nature”, “Live in mutuality with others”, and “Live to the best of one's ability”. Values derived from these ways of thinking from Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism help fashion a traditional way of life, examplified by the saying “Benifience to all”. Korean thought and philosophy is influenced primerily by Confucianism, Confucian principles of ethics, embedded deeply in the peoples' minds, form the idea that “heaven and human being are intimately united” based on concept that “heaven is, so to speak, reason”. Twoe Gae's theory of existential subjectivity develops the concept of self which is the basis of the spirit of reverence in modern Confucian philosophy. The human md is granted from heaven out of the idea of matter, and what control the mind is the spirit of reverence. Hence the idea of “The primacy of the mind" and provided that one should control one's own mind. The precepts of duty to parents, respect for elders and worship of ancestors, and moderation in all behavior put a restraint on life which directed that one live earnestly according to Nature's laws with their neighbors. Not only Confucianism, but also Buddism and Taoism have had an important effect upon these patterns of ideas. When compared with western culture, Korean health practices tend to be more inclusive, abstract and intuitive while westerner health practices found to be mere concrete, practical and personal. Values and beliefs based and pragmatism and existentialism infuence western civilization, Ethical values may be founded on utilitarianism, which considers what is good for the persons in their circumstances as the basis of conduct and takes a serious view of their practical lives including human aspirations rather than an absolute truth. These philosophical and ethical ideas are foundations for health practices related to active, practical and progressive attitudes. This study should be enable nursing not only to understand clients as reflections of the traditional culture when planning nursing practice, but to dovelop health education corresponding to cultural requiments for the purpose of protection against disease and improvement of health, and thus promote sound health practice. Eventually it is hoped that through these processes quality nursing care as the central idea of the science of nursing will be achieved.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제43권1호
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 2017

천연물인 후박(Magnolia obovata Bark, M. obovata Bark)을 에탄올 추출 및 농축하여 에틸아세테이트 층으로 분획한 분획물이 피부에 안전하고 효과적인 미백 활성을 확인함으로써 미백 화장품 원료 소재로서 가능성을 확인하였다. 후박의 에탄올 농축물을 에틸아세테이트 분획하여 유효물질 honokiol을 HPLC로 정량하였다. 후박 에틸아세테이트 분획물에 대한 in vitro 미백활성 결과, 농도 의존적으로 세포 외 멜라닌 분비를 감소시켜 $IC_{50}=11.05{\mu}g/mL$임을 확인하였다. 또한 세포에 독성을 가지지 않는 최대농도인 $12.5{\mu}g/mL$ 처리 시 최대 약 60%의 멜라닌 분비 억제로 세포 외로 분비되는 멜라닌의 양을 효과적으로 억제함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 ${\alpha}-MSH$ (50 nM) 처리한 그룹과 비교하여 $IC_{50}=10.85{\mu}g/mL$로 우수한 세포 내 멜라닌 생성억제 효과를 보였으며 세포에 자극이 되지 않는 최대농도인 $12.5{\mu}g/mL$ 처리 시 최대 약 59%의 멜라닌 생성 억제를 확인하여 세포 외 멜라닌 분비 뿐만 아니라 세포 내에 존재하는 멜라닌의 양 또한 효과적으로 억제함을 확인할 수 있었다. 양성대조군으로 사용된 ${\alpha}-arbutin$의 경우, $IC_{50}=59.99{\mu}g/mL$로 후박 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 양성대조군 ${\alpha}-arbutin$과 비교하여 우수한 세포 내 멜라닌 생성 억제 효과를 가짐을 확인하였다. 임상연구의 경우, 후박 에틸아세테이트 분획물을 적용한 화장품 크림은 (주)대한피부과학연구소(KDRI) 윤리위원회의 IRB 승인(KDRI-IRB-1536) 후 반복 첩포를 통한 인체 누적첩포시험을 진행하여 무감작 물질로 확인하였다. 또한 후박 에틸아세테이트 분획물을 적용한 화장품 크림은 대조군 대비 국소적 미백효과와 신뢰성 있는 피부 안전성을 보여주었다. 최종적으로 후박 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 안전하고 효과적인 미백효과를 가지는 화장품 소재로 충분한 이용 가능성이 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.99-112
• /
• 1985

보건교육(保健敎育)에 관한 상태(狀態)를 파악(把握)하기 위하여 국민학교과정(國民學校過程)을 대상(對象)으로 보건관계(保健關係) 사항(事項)들을 조사(調査)하고 그 과정(過程)을 이수(履修)한 중학교(中學校) 입학직후(入學直後)의 보건지식(保健知識) 수준(水準)을 측정(測定)하였다. 보건지식(保健知識) 측정(測定)은 표준, 동아 수련장에서 선택(選擇)한 문제(問題)로 50개(個) 문항(問項)을 택(擇)한 설문지(設問紙)를 담임교사를 통(通)하여 설문(設問) 하였으며 총(總) 대상학생수(對象學生數)는 도시학생(都市學生) 491명(名) 농촌학생(農村學生) 468명(名), 총(總) 959명(名)으로 1984년(年) 4월(月) 10일(日)부터 5월(月) 10일(日) 사이에 실시(實施)하였다. 국민학교(國民學校) 전(全) 학년(學年), 전(全) 과목(科目)에서의 보건(保健)에 관한 항목(項目)은 총(總) 782건(件)으로 내용적(內容的)으로 분류(分類)해 보면 정신보건(精神保健)과 운동(運動) 및 휴식(休息) 에 관한 건(件)이 가장 많고, 다음으로 환경보건(環境保健), 보건생활(保健生活)이며, 사고(事故), 개인위생(個人衛生), 영양(營養) 및 음식(飮食), 사회의학(社會醫學) 및 보건기구(保健機構), 생리학(生理學) 및 해부학(解剖學), 보학통계(保學統計), 인구문제(人口問題), 질병관리(疾病管理), 식품위생(食品衛生), 학교보건(學校保健), 기생충(寄生蟲) 및 전염병관리(傳染病管理), 우생학(優生學) 및 유전학(遺傳學) 순(順)이었다. 학과목별(學科目別)로 보면 국어(國語)에는 총(總) 114건중(件中) 정신보건(精神保健)이 44.7%, 가장 많이 포함(包含)되고, 산수(算數)에는 총(總) 26건중(件中) 보건통계(保健統計)가 46.4%로, 사회(社會)에는 총(總) 118건중(件中) 환경보건(環境保健)이 23.1%로, 자연(自然)에 있어서는 총(總) 30건중(件中) 생리학(生理學) 및 해부학(解剖學)이 60.1%로, 도덕(道德)에는 총(總) 176건중(件中) 정신보건(精神保健)이 40.3%로, 음악(音樂)에 있어서는 총(總) 23건중(件中)에 정신보건(精神保健), 사고(事故)가 각각(各各) 21.8%씩 차지했고 미술(美術)에는 총(總) 28건중(件中) 운동(運動) 및 휴식(休息)이 42.9%로, 체육(體育)에는 총(總) 201건중(件中) 운동(運動) 및 휴식(休息)이 38.6%로, 실과(實科)에 있어서는 총(總) 61건중(件中) 영양(營養) 및 음식(陰食)이 36.2%로 가장 많이 포함(包含)되어 있었으며 국사(國史)에는 사회의학(社會醫學) 및 보건기구(保健機構) 뿐 다른것은 없었다. 보건사항(保健事項)의 總(總) 건수중(件數中) 과목별(科目別)로 보면 체육(體育) 25.8%, 도덕(道德) 22.5%, 사회(社會) 15.1%, 국어(國語) 14.6%, 실과(實科) 7.8%, 자연(自然) 3.8%, 미술(美術) 3.6%, 산수(算數) 3.3%, 음악(音樂) 2.9%, 국사(國史) 0.6%의 순(順)이었다. 전학년별(全學年別)로는 6학년(學年) 29.1%, 4학년(學年) 21.2%, 5학년(學年) 18.9%, 3학년(學年) 11.6%, 1학년(學年) 11.5%, 2학년(學年)의 7.7%의 순(順)이었다. 보건문제(保健問題)가 관련된 과(課)는 평균(平均) 35.4%이었으며 학년별(學年別)로 보면 4학년(學年), 6학년(學年)이 각각(各各) 38.2%로 최고(最高)였고 2학년(學年)이 29.3%로 최하(最下)였다. 체육(體育)에는 전(全) 과(課)에 포함(包含)되어 있었다. 보건(保健)에 관한 지식습득도(知識習得度)로 보면 도시학생(都市學生)의 평균점수(平均點數)는 56.3점(點)이고 농촌학생(農村學生)의 평균(平均)은 53.9점(點)으로써 두 집단간(集團間)의 지식습득도(知識習得度)에는 유의(有意)한 차(差)가 있었다.

• 성인간호학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.53-69
• /
• 2001

As a nursing practice involves nurses'actions in a specific context of health care, this study has focused on exploring the espoused theories in nursing practice within the action science perspectives. Espoused theories are the belief, principles, and rationale expressed by the practitioner as guiding her/his actions in a situation of practice. The data were analysed qualitatively and 25 elements of espoused theories of nursing action were identified and clustered into 6 categories. The 25 elements of espoused theories are as follows: The clinical nurse worked in wholistic and individual nursing, focussed on the patient's needed, comfort and supportive nursing (5 theories of nursing goal); excellent skills, knowledge based, assessment and data collection, explaining, educating or a scientific basis(6 theories of nursing intervention): advocacy, value oriented, treatment, accountability and commitment(4 theories of nursing ethics); human respect, partnership, trust(3 theories of patient-nurse relationship) : knowledgable, accumulated clinical experiences and personally lived experiences, positive perspectives(4 theories of nurse), role of intervention, rewarding, peer relationship(3 theories of situations). The above mentioned espoused theories are similar to that of nursing textbooks which students learned through basic nursing education and almost the same as the Acts ofa Nurse in Korean. However, we are doubtful whether nurses actually do as they think. Therefore, it is recommended to review the theories-in-use in order to find any discrepancies between the espoused theories and the reality of nursing actions.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제49권1호
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2016

Background: Pectus excavatum (PE) and pectus carinatum (PC) are the most common chest wall deformities. In this study, we aimed to characterize how patients obtained information about these deformities, as well as patients' family history, associated medical problems, and postoperative satisfaction after the Nuss and Abramson procedures. Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study included patients who were operated by a single surgeon between 2006 and 2013. Follow-up calls were made after approval of our institution's ethics committee. We reached 207 of the 336 PE patients (61.6%) and 73 of the 96 PC patients (76%). Results: The majority of the patients were male (85% of the PE patients and 91.8% of the PC patients). The age of diagnosis of PE was $14.52{\pm}0.51years$ and the age at the time of operation was $17.89{\pm}0.42years$; for PC patients, the corresponding ages were $15.23{\pm}0.55years$ and $16.77{\pm}0.55years$, respectively. A total of 70% of the PE patients and 63.8% of the PC patients obtained information about pectus deformities through the Internet. In 27.1% of the PE patients with an associated anomaly, 57.1% (n=13) had scoliosis, while 41.1% of the PC patients with an associated anomaly had kyphosis (n=5). Postoperative satisfaction, as evaluated on a scale from 0 to 10, was $8.17{\pm}0.15$ for PE patients and $8.37{\pm}0.26$ for PC patients. The postoperative pain duration was $51.93{\pm}5.18days$ for PE patients and $38.5{\pm}6.88days$ for PC patients. Conclusion: In this study, we found that most patients with pectus deformities were male. The Internet was an important resource for patients to learn about their deformities. Family history and associated anomalies were identified as important aspects for consideration in the clinical setting. The patients reported high levels of postoperative satisfaction, and pain management was found to be one of the most important elements of postoperative care.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
• /
• 제44권5호
• /
• pp.503-512
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is to check the extent to which "instruction of physician or dentist" defined in the Medical Service Technologists, etc. Act is applied in relation to radiography examination procedures for radiological technologists. In addition, it is intended to present basic data on the requirement to revise the Medical Service Technologists, etc. Act in the radiological technologist's duty area and scope of work, The subjects of this study were radiological technologists with license, and the response data were collected after sending the questionnaire link written on the online questionnaire form. The final number of respondents were 1,018, and the response rate was 6.8%. Most of the negative responses were "I have never received 'instruction' for radiologic examination by a physician or dentist, including a radiologist in a medical environment." There were a high perception that "the professionalism in radiation examination on radiological technologists are higher than that of a physician or dentist." They answered that the current continuing education has a great impact on maintaining and continuing professionalism and learning new knowledge in the radiology field. In addition, the radiological technologists provide a very high level of education in areas related to radiography procedure ethics such as patient care, patient safety, and patient privacy protection, as well as specialized fields such as radiation-related examination methods, radiography examination dose, and patient exposure dose. Radiological technologists replied that they were receiving it consistently. In conclusion, in the current medical environment, the 'instruction' of a physician or dentist cannot be seen as being realistically performed. The phrase 'instruction' of a physician or dentist as defined in the Medical Service Technologists, etc. Act is considered inappropriate in respect of the fact that the state recognizes the qualifications of the medical service technologist through a license. It is thought that revision to a new term suitable for the current medical environment is necessary.

• 복식
• /
• 제57권2호
• /
• pp.115-131
• /
• 2007

By the turn of the century, our society has been gradually more interested in environmental problems than any other time. Ecological change spurred by industrial pollution is occurring beyond the borders of nations, and has emerged as a global issue. Such change is resulting in exhaustion of natural resources and energy, and serious climatic change. In this study, main focus regarding the process of the fashion product design system was placed on the sustainable fashion design of organic cotton as a positive and alternative suggestion. It is expected that the results of this study contribute to the fashion design planning not only for future generation but also for the present time. This study researched on brands that produced their fashion products using organic cotton. The following cases proved to possess sustainability in their product system. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: Firstly, sustainable design in organic cotton products has been a progressive ere-design in 2000s. It is mainly focus concerned with recycling and re-use of materials to protect environment. It is not chemical dependant and takes a particular care in eliminating waste water and energy in the dyeing process. It is an environmentally sustainable design better than all the other design processes. Secondly, it is a design that cares for the common good of society and the global system of fair trading. The fair trading of organic cotton products induced a change in the structure of production system, while defending human rights. It also gave benefits by promoting development in local society and progress in traditional skills. Not to mention that it contributed to building up the concept of transparency in the global economic system. Lastly, the brands emphasize their social responsibility and management ethics to observe environmental policy which is established to protect our nature and people. Their public information reminds customers of the importance of protecting the environment from diverse pollution. Moreover, they hold social events to promote public awareness for environmental Issues. This study dealt only with the organic cotton, a small subset of the subject of sustainable design. It can be extended and applied to various other sustainable fashion design as a solution for global environmental issues.