• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2015

This study was conducted to estimate of carbon stock and greenhouse gas (GHGs) removals by tree species and forest type at Gangwon province. We used a point sampling data with permanent sample plots in national forest inventory and national emission factors. GHGs emissions was caclulated using the stock change method related to K-MRV and IPCC guidance. Total carbon stock and greenhouse gas removals were high in deciduous forest and species than in coniferous. The range of annual net greenhouse gas emissions in other deciduous species was from $-11,564.83Gg\;CO_2\;yr^{-1}$ to $-13,500.60Gg\;CO_2\;yr^{-1}$ during 3 years (2011~2013). On the other hand, coniferous forest was temporally converted to source due to reducing of growing stock in 2012. It was that growing stocks and forest area were likely to reduce by the deforestation and clear cutting. This study did not consider other carbon pools (soil and dead organic matter) due to the lack of data. This study needs to complement the activity data and emission factors, and then will find the way to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the near future.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2011

While increased use of energy and fossil fuel in the recent years could worsen air quality and climate change, only few studies have been conducted on estimation of greenhouse gas emissions and characterization of emission types by sectors and regions in Korea. In this study, greenhouse gases emissions based on resions(Si, Gun, Gu) and emitted sectors(industry, transport, cemmercial and institutional, residential, waste, agriculture, others) were investigated using GHG-CAPSS(Greenhouse GasClean Air Policy Support System) developed to support to national and regional greenhouse gases reduction strategies. GHG-CAPSS follows IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Guideline methodology to categorize the emission sources and estimation of greenhouse gases using bottom-up approach. Estimated total greenhouse gases emissions were 588,011 thousand tons as $CO_2$ equivalent. Industry(50.1%) sector exhibited the highest portion followed by transport(17.6%), commercial and institutional(12.6%), residential(12.6%), waste(2.6%), agriculture(2.5%). Based on regional estimation, Gyeonggi(14.9%) demonstrated the highest emitted greenhouse gases among big cities followed by Jeonnam(12.4%), Gyeongbuk(11.0%), Ulsan(9.2%) and Seoul(8.9%).

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2011

The port of Busan is the fifth busiest container port in the world in terms of total mass of 20-foot equivalent units transported. Yet no attempts have been made to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the port of Busan by accounting for all port-related activities of the various transportation modes. With these challenges in mind, this study estimates the first activity-based GHG emissions inventory in the port of Busan, which consists of four transportation modes: marine vessels, cargo-handling equipment, heavy-duty trucks, and railroad locomotives. The estimation results based on the most recent and complete port-related activity data are as follows. First, the average annual transportation GHG emission in the port of Busan during the analysis period from 2000 to 2007 was 802 Gg $CO_2$-eq, with a lower value of 773 Gg $CO_2$-eq and an upper value of 813 Gg $CO_2$-eq. Second, the increase in the transportation-related GHG emissions in the port of Busan during the analysis period can be systematically explained by the amount of cargo handled ($R^2$=0.98). Third, about 64% of total GHG emissions in the port of Busan were from marine vessels because more than 40% of all maritime containerized trade flows in the port were transshipment traffic. Fourth, approximately 22% of the total GHG emissions in the port of Busan were from on-road or railroad vehicles, which transport cargo to and from the port of Busan. Finally, the remaining 14% of total GHG emissions were from the cargo handling equipment, such as cranes, yard tractors, and reach stackers.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

In this study, GHG inventory on 17 local government between 2005 and 2014 is build up using 'GHG emission estimation guideline (2016. 2) for local government' developed and distributed by KECO. This covers all the sectors should be included in national GHG inventory, which are energy, industrial process, agriculture, AFOLU, and waste. In addition, six GHGs, carbon dioxide, metane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride declared in Kyoto protocol are estimated to reflect utmost precision. Indirect esissions, such as electricity, heat and waste generation are separately estimated as well as direct emissions to help local government to establish substantial and implementable reduction measures of GHGs.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.39-49
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• 2020

Rice paddy cultivation is one of the major sources in methane (CH₄) emission of which accurate assessment would be a prerequisite for agricultural greenhouse gas management. Biomass treatment in paddy fields is an important factor that affects CH₄ emissions and thus needs to be taken into account. The objectives of this study were to apply drone images to investigate organic matter practices and to incorporate into the estimation of CH₄ emissions from paddy fields. Three study areas were selected by one from each of the three different regions of Yeongnam, Honam and Jungbu, which are the most active region in paddy cultivation. The eBee drone was used to take images of the study sites twice a year; Jul mid-season for identifying rice cultivation area; Jan for investigating rice straw management and winter crop cultivation. Based on biomass management practices, different emissions factors were assigned on an individual paddy field and CH₄ emmisions were estimated by multiplying respective areas. The ratios of rice straw application and winter crop cultivation were 1.4% and 37.2% in Hapcheon, 1.3% and 19.8% in Gimje, and 0.0% and 0.5% in Dangjin, respectively. The CH₄ emissions estimates for respective sites were 0.40 ton CH₄/year/ha, 0.34 ton CH₄/year/ha, and 0.29 ton CH₄/year/ha. On average, estimated CH₄ emissions of this study were 28.5% less than the current Tier 2 CH₄ emission estimation method.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.747-754
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• 2009

In this study, which aims to estimate the volume of greenhouse gas emitted by road transportation vehicles in Changwon City, the emission rate was calculated on the basis of the actual traffic volume measured at major crossroads and compared with the results obtained from the methodology used to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions of road transportation provided in the IPCC 2006 GL guidelines (Tier 1, Tier 3). Analysis of the results of the comparison showed that the Tier 1 methodology, which was applied in the estimation of the rate of greenhouse gas emissions, carries a high probability of underestimation, while the Tier 3 methodology carries a relatively high probability of overestimation. Therefore, when considering the assignment of permissible rates of emission to local governments, the application of the methodology, i.e. whether one uses Tier 1 or Tier 3, may result in a large difference in the rate of allowable emissions. It is suggested that a method based on the actual volume of traffic would be the most reasonable one with regard to the development of a realistic plan.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.165-179
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• 2012

Indirect $CO_2$ effect due to non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions from solvent and product use and fugitive NMVOC emissions from fuels in the Republic of Korea and 13 Annex I countries under United Nations Framework on Climate Change were estimated and the proportions of them to total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions ranged from 0.092% to 0.45% in 2006. Indirect greenhouse effect ($CO_2$, $CH_4$, and $O_3$) were estimated at 13 photochemical assessment monitoring sites in the Republic of Korea using concentrations of 8 NMVOCs of which indirect global warming potential (GWP) were available. The contribution of toluene to mixing ratio was highest at 11 sites and however, the contribution of toluene to indirect greenhouse effect was highest at nine sites. In contrast to toluene, the contributions of ethane, butane, and ethylene were enhanced. The indirect greenhouse effects of ethane and propane, of which ozone formation potentials are the lowest and the third lowest respectively among targeted 10 NMVOCs, ranked first and fourth highest respectively. Acetaldehyde has relatively higher maximum incremental reactivity and is classified as probable human carcinogen however, its indirect GWP ranked second lowest.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.443-450
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• 2016

The major greenhouse gases (GHGs) in agricultural sector are methane ($CH_4$), nitrous oxide ($N_2O$), carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). GHGs emissions are estimated by pertinent source category in a guideline book from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) such as methane from rice paddy, nitrous oxide from agricultural soil and crop residue burning. The methods for estimation GHGs emissions in agricultural sector are based on 1996 and 2006 IPCC guideline, 2000 and 2003 Good Practice Guidance. In general, GHG emissions were calculated by multiplying the activity data by emission factor. The total GHGs emission is $10,863Gg\;CO_2-eq$. from crop cultivation in agricultural sector in 2013. The emission is divided by the ratio of greenhouse gases that methane and nitrous oxide are 64% and 34%, respectively. Each gas emission according to the source categories is $7,000Gg\;CO_2-eq$. from rice paddy field, $3,897Gg\;CO_2-eq$. from agricultural soil, and $21Gg\;CO_2-eq$. from field burning, respectively. The GHGs emission in agricultural sector had been gradually decreased from 1990 to 2013 because of the reduction of cultivation. In order to compare with indirect emissions from agricultural soil, each emission was calculated using IPCC default factors (D) and country specific emission factors (CS). Nitrous oxide emission by CS applied in indirect emission, as nitrogen leaching and run off, was lower about 50% than that by D.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.255-264
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• 2012

The present study attempts to understand the emission pattern of greenhouse gases in people's daily life through the estimation and analysis of the amount and characteristics of the greenhouse gases. Based on the survey of 1,000 people throughout the nation, monthly emission of greenhouse gases per-capita was estimated from their use of fuels, electricity, water, and personal and public transportation means in addition to their waste generation. In the case of personal car drivers, greenhouse gas emission was the greatest from their cars, followed by the emission from electricity, fuels, and public transportation. Emission from water consumption and waste generation was relatively low. Fuel consumption varied depending on the number of household members, their housing type, and the size of their living spaces. Results showed that single-person households emitted the largest amount of per-capita greenhouse gas while greenhouse gas emission from electricity was inversely proportional to the number of persons in a given household.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2011

International cooperation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is expected to provide a big crisis and a great opportunity at the same time for our industry that heavily consumes energy. To cope actively with the international environmental regulation, such as the Framework Convention on Climate Change, quantitative measurement of the volume of greenhouse gases emitted by various industries and quantitative prediction of the greenhouse gas emissions of the future are becoming more important than anything else at the national level. This study aims to propose the calculation process of carbon dioxide($CO_2$) emission for building in life cycle. This paper describes and compares 9 different tool for environmental load estimation with LCA. This study proposed the calculation process for quantitatively predicting and assessing $CO_2$ emissions during the life cycle of buildings based on the life cycle assessment(LCA). The life cycle steps of buildings were divided into the design/supervision, new construction, repair, renovation, use of operating energy in buildings, maintenance, and reconstruction stage in the life cycle inventory analysis and the method of assessing the environmental load in each stage was proposed.