• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2006

120두의 3원교잡종($LY{\times}D$) 돼지($6.24{\pm}0.68\;kg$)를 이용하여 생균제를 급여하지 않은 대조구, 0.1% KBC1121를 급여한 T1, 0.1% YC2000과 0.1% KBC1121를 병행 급여한 T2 처리구로 사육 후 110 kg 시 출하 도축하여 생균제의 급여가 돈육의 이화학적 특성에 미치는 효과를 측정하였다. 일반성분에서 수분과 조단백질 및 조회분은 처리 간에 차이가 없었으나 조지방 함량은 T2 처리구가 다른 처리구들에 비해 높았다. pH는 대조구가 생균제 급여 처리구들에 비하여 낮았고, 보수력은 T1 처리구가 가장 높았으며, 가열감량, 전단가 및 콜레스테롤 함량은 처리 간에 차이가 없었다. 육색에서 $L^*$값은 처리 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, $a^*$와 $b^*$값은 T1 처리구가 낮았다. 지방색에서 $L^*$값은 T2 처리구가 다른 처리구들에 비해 높았으며, 지방의 $b^*$값은 T2 처리구가 낮았다. 가열육 조직감의 표면경도, 경도, 검성 및 씹힘성은 T1 처리구가 다른 처리구들에 비하여 높았다. 신선육과 가열육의 관능검사는 처리 간에 차이가 없었다. 지방산 조성은 myristic, stearic, oleic acid은 T2 처리구가 다른 처리구들에 비하여 높았으며, linoleic acid은 낮았다. 불포화지방산 함량은 T1 처리구가 T2 처리구에 비하여 높았으며, 필수지방산 함량 및 필수지방산/불포화지방산 비율은 T1>대조구>T2 순이었다. 총 아미노산, 필수아미노산 함량 및 aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine 함량은 T2 처리구가 다른 두 처리구들에 비하여 유의적으로 낮았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1617-1622
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• 2006

Long-term storage of feeds or feedstuffs in high temperature and humid conditions can be difficult because of microbial contamination. Essential oil isolated from industrial waste citrus peel could be used as a preservative because it is likely to have anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity. Our objective was to determine whether different levels (0.028, 0.056 and 0.112 g/kg) of citrus essential oil (CEO) would provide anti-microbial activity and enhance preservation of animal feed without influencing rumen fermentation. At 0.112 g/kg, CEO inhibited growth of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Salmonela enteritidis (IFO 3313). Growth of E. coli recovered after 24 h of incubation, but S. enteritidis continued to be inhibited for 72 h. Preservation of antibiotic-free diets for swine was assessed by observing anti-aflatoxin activity. Aflatoxin was detected in control feed samples on days 16 (8 ppb) and 21 (8 ppb) and in anti-fungal agent (AA) treated samples on days 16 (2 ppb) and 21 (4 ppb). However, aflatoxin was not detected in feed samples treated with CEO. Treatment with CEO and AA did not influence ruminal pH, dry matter digestibility (DMD) or organic matter digestibility (OMD) over 48 h of incubation in rumen fluid. Acetate and propionate were slightly higher with CEO treatment (p<0.05), but total concentration of volatile fatty acid (VFA) was not significantly affected by treatment. Ammonia-N concentration was slightly higher for the control treatment (p<0.05). This study showed that treating feed with CEO enhances preservation of animal feed without influencing in vitro rumen fermentation.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 1998

The bulk curing experiment to the improve the quality of flue-cured leaves were carried out to evaluate relationship between cyclic curing and conventional curing method. We studied the effect of the cyclic change of wet bulb temperature at the yellowing stage of flue curing on chemical properties of cured leaves. The wet bulb temperature was automatically controlled between preset high($38^{\circ}C$) and low point ($35^{\circ}C$) everyone hour cyclically during 12 hours after starting luring. As a result, the acceleration of the increase in the chemical properties of cured leaves were observed. As to the chemical properties, there was decreased in citric acid, increased in malic acid of the nonvolatile organic acids and all higher fatty acids content of leaves cured by this method compared with in that of conventional curing method, while a major chemical compounds in relation to aromatic essence of cigarette smoke in essential oil components of lured leaves was mostly higher in this method than those of conventional ones, and it was evaluated that there was decreased in CO, TPM, Tar, and $CO_2$ content of the cigarette smoke comparing to the conventional luring method.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2005

본 연구는 호기성 연속회분식반응기(SBR)에서 낙농폐수의 생물학적처리 과정에서 발생되는 휘발성 유기물질 발생량을 분석한 것이다. 호기성처리 상태에서 악취성분인 휘발성 지방산(VFAs) 및 휘발성 유기물질(VOCs)은 원래 상태보다도 크게 감소하였다 호기성 연속회분식반응기에서 휘발성지방산은 1,450 mg/L 이하를 나타내고 있었다. 축산폐수처리과정에서 악취처리는 호기성연속회분식반응기(SBR) 처리 기술이 효과적인 방법이라고 확인되었다. 호기성 연속회분식반응기 시스템은 고액분리된 액상물의 악취물질 제거에 사용될 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.855-864
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to compare the physicochemical and nutritional properties of breast and thigh meat from commercial Chinese crossbred chickens (817 Crossbred chicken, 817C), imported commercial broilers (Arbor Acres broiler, AAB), and commercial spent hens (Hyline Brown, HLB). The crossbred chickens, commercial broilers and spent hens were slaughtered at their typical market ages of 45 d, 40 d, and 560 d, respectively. The results revealed that several different characteristic features for the three breeds. The meat of the 817C was darker than that of the other two genotypes. The 817C were also characterized by higher protein, lower intramuscular fat, and better texture attributes (cooking loss, pressing loss and Warner-Bratzler shear force [WBSF]) compared with AAB and HLB. The meat of the spent hens (i.e. HLB) was higher in WBSF and total collagen content than meat of the crossbred chickens and imported broilers. Furthermore, correlation analysis and principal component analysis revealed that there was a clear relationship among physicochemical properties of chicken meats. With regard to nutritional properties, it was found that 817C and HLB exhibited higher contents of essential amino acids and essential/non-essential amino acid ratios. In addition, 817C were noted to have highest content of microelements whereas AAB have highest content of potassium. Besides, 817C birds had particularly higher proportions of desirable fatty acids, essential fatty acids, polyunsaturated/saturated and (18:0+18:1)/16:0 ratios. The present study also revealed that there were significant differences on breast meat and thigh meat for the physicochemical and nutritional properties, regardless of chicken breeds. In conclusion, meat of crossbred chickens has some unique features and exhibited more advantages over commercial broilers and spent hens. Therefore, the current investigation would provide valuable information for the chicken meat product processing, and influence the consumption of different chicken meat.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.203-215
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• 2017

This study was carried out to compare the major nutrient components and antioxidant activities of Stachys sieboldii Miq leaf and root powders. For proximate compositions, crude protein and crude fat contents of leaf powder were higher than those of root powder, whereas contents of crude ash and carbohydrates were lower in leaf powder. The content of glutamic acid was greater in amino acids of leaf and root powders, and contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids were higher in leaf powder compared with root powder. Root powder contained a higher level of total unsaturated fatty acids than leaf powder. Total contents of organic acids were higher in leaf powder; tartaric acid was the major organic acid in leaf powder, and malic acid was the major organic acid in root powder. The content of vitamin A was higher in leaf powder than in root powder. However, vitamin E content was higher in root powder than in leaf powder. Total mineral contents of leaf powder were higher than those of root powder, and mineral contents of leaf and root powders were in the order of K>Ca>Mg. Extract yields of leaf and root powders were 27.21% and 58.51%, respectively. Total polyphenols and total flavonoids of leaf extract were 236.35 mg/g and 1.90 mg/g, respectively, which were higher than those of root extract. The $IC_{50}$ values of leaf and root ethanol extracts based on DPPH hydroxyl scavenging were 0.69 mg/mL and 5934.31 mg/mL, respectively, and antioxidative activities of ethanol extracts from all Stachys sieboldii Miq parts dose-dependently increased. These results suggest that Stachys sieboldii Miq can be recommended as an edible functional food material.

• ALGAE
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.91-106
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• 2020

Incorporating renewable fuel into practice, especially from algae, is a promising approach in reducing fossil fuel dependency. Algae are an exceptional feedstock since they produce abundant biomass and oils in short timeframes. Algae also produce high-valued lipid products suitable for human nutrition and supplement. Achieving goals of producing algae fuels and high-valued lipids at competitive prices involves further improvement of technology, especially better control over cultivation. Manipulating microalgae cultivation conditions to prevent contamination is essential in addition to promoting optimal growth and lipid yields. Contamination of algal cultures is a major impediment to algae cultivation that can however be mitigated by choosing extremophile microalgae. This work describes the isolation of alkali-tolerant / alkaliphilic microalgae native to South Florida with ideal characteristics for cultivation. For that purpose, water samples from Lake Okeechobee were inoculated into Zarrouk's medium (pH 9-12) and incubated for 35 days. Selection resulted in isolation of three strains that were screened for biomass and lipid accumulation. Two alkali-tolerant algae Chloroidium sp. 154-1 and Chlorella sp. 154-2 were poor lipid accumulators. One of the isolates, the diatom Fistulifera sp. 154-3, was identified as a lipid accumulating, alkaliphilic organism capable of producing 0.233 g L^-1 d^-1 dry biomass and a lipid content of 20-30% dry weight. Lipid analysis indicated the most abundant fatty acid within Fistulifera sp. was palmitoleic acid (52%), or omega-7, followed by palmitic acid (17%), and then eicosapentanoic acid (15%). 18S rRNA phylogenetic analysis formed a well-supported clade with Fistulifera species.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.119-136
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• 1998

젖은 모든 새로 태어난 동물의 많은 필수영양소와 에너지를 공급해 주며, 유제품의 가공에 영향을 주는 독특한 물리적 특성을 지니고 있다. 본 연구에서는 동물의 유지방에 존재하는 주요 혹은 미량 성분의 조성과 구조를 비교하고, 갖 태어난 어린 동물의 영양요구량과 관련된 연구결과를 검토하고자 한다. 젖의 내용물과 조성은 동물의 종류에 따라 매우 다양하며, 이는 다양한 환경에서 적응하기 위한 진화과정에 의한 것으로 알려져 있다. 동물에 따라 젖의 지방종의 분포는 유사하지만 지방산의 조성은 일반적으로 매우 복잡하고 특이하다. 이는 각종 동물의 식이에서 오는 지방산과 유선에서 생합성된 지방산의 성격이 서로 다르기 때문이다. 특징적으로 젖의 지방산은 다른 조직에서는 발견되지 않는 짧은 사슬지방산과 중간 사슬지방산을 함유하고 있으나, 대부분의 동물에서 젖의 주요 지방인 중성지방은 구조적으로 매우 유사한 경향을 보이고 있다. 우유는 어린 동물에 많은 필수영양소와 에너지를 공급해준다. 이러한 영양소들은 우유가공 중 많은 물리적 특성에 영향을 준다. 우유의 주요물질과 미량물질을 비교함으로써 신생동물에 영양요구량을 예견할 수도 있다. 우유의 조성분은 동물에 따라 상당히 다르며 그것은 주로 환경에 적응하기 위해서 진화된 과정 중에 생겨난 것이다. 우유의 지방종 분포는 비슷하지만 지방산의 조성은 일반적으로 매우 복잡하고 특성이 있다. 이들 지방산 유선에서 합성되거나 사료섭취에 의한 것이다. 특징적으로 우유에서 발견되는 짧은 지방산과 긴 사슬의 지방산은 다른 조직에서는 잘 발견되지 않는다. 우유에 주요 지방인 중성지질은 동물의 종류에 따라서 매우 다양하지만 구조는 비슷하다. 실제로 우유 중의 지방구 형성과정은 잘 알려져 있지 않으나 세포의 ER로 부터 유례된 TG를 함유한 소포체가 지방구의 핵을 이룬다는 지적이 있다. 최근에는 각종 혈관질환관련 질병의 증가로 우유의 지방산을 해양동물에서 온 EPA나 DHA와 같은 불포화지방산으로 대체하고자 하는 연구가 많이 이루어지고 있다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.439-446
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• 1985

양식 뱀장어의 품질을 지질성분면에서 평가하기위하여 천연 및 양식 뱀장어의 지질 조성 및 이들 지질의 구성지방산을 분석${\cdot}$비교하였고, 붕장어의 지질성분과도 비교하였다. 또 양식 뱀장어의 지방산과 사료 지방산을 분석${\cdot}$비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 총지질 함량은 양식 뱀장어가 천연 뱀장어 보다는 약간 높은 반면 붕장어 보다 약 2배 정도 높았다. 부위별 지질 함량은 뱀장어는 가식부($27.16{\sim}29.70\%$)가 내장부($5.10{\wim}5.86\%$)보다 훨씬 높았으나 붕장어는 거의 비슷하였다. 2. 천연 및 양식 뱀장어와 붕장어의 지질 조성은 거의 비슷한 경향을 나타내고 있었다. 즉 중성지질이 가장 많고, 인지질, 당지질의 순이었다. 또 부위별 지질 조성은 중성지질은 가식부가 내장부보다. 많은 반면 인지질과 당지질은 내장부가 가식부보다 많았다. 또 중성지질은 TG의 함량이 가장 많았으며 인지질은 PC와 PE가 가장 많았다. 3. 식용으로 이용되는 가식부의 중성지질은 $C_{14:0},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1}$산은 양식 뱀장어가 천연 뱀장어보다 높은 반면 $C_{16:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{22:5},\;C_{22:6}$ 산은 천연산이 양식산보다 높았다. 붕장어의 경우는 $C_{18:0},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{22:6}$산이 천연 및 양식 뱀장어에 비해 훨씬 높은 것이 특징적이었다. 또 인지질의 경우는 $C_{18:0},\;C_{18:2}$산이 양식 뱀장어가 천연 뱀장어보다 높은 반면 $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{22:5},\;C_{22:6}$산은 천연산이 양식산보다 높았다. 4. 중성지질의 불포화도(TUFA/TSFA)는 천연 및 양식 뱀장어와 붕장어 사이에는 차이가 거의 없었지만, 인지질의 경우는 천연 뱀장어가 양식 뱀장어 및붕장어 보다 높았다. 가식부의 필수지방산 함량은 중성지질은 천연산이 양식산보다 3배이상 높았으며, 또 붕장어는 뱀장어보다 훨씬 높았다. 그러나 인지질의 경우에는 필수지방산 함량에 큰 차이가 없었다. 5. 가식부의 W3 고도불포화지방산 함량은 중성지질은 천연 뱀장어가 양식 뱀장어 및 붕장어보다 $2.0{\sim}2.5$배 정도 높았으며 인지질의 경우도 천연 뱀장어가 양식뱀장어 및 붕장어보다 훨씬 높았다. 6. 사료 지방산(B)에 대한 양식 뱀장어의 지방산 (A)의 비(A/B)를 비교하여 보면 linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}\;w6$), linolenic acid ($C_{18:3}\;w3$) 등의 필수지방산과 eicosapentaenoic acid ($C_{20:5}\;w3$), docosahexaenoic acid ($C_{22:6}\;w3$)등의 w3 고도불포화지방산의 A/B비가 $0.23{\sim}0.48$로 아주 낮아, 이들 불포화지방산의 polyene 산의 생합성 및 체성장에 크게 관계할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.671-676
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• 2005

A total of 50 individual catfish, the Tra (Pangasius hypophthalmus) cultivated in either floating cages (Tra-c) or in ponds (Tra-p) and the Basa (Pangasius bocourti) raised in three floating cages, were collected in two of the Mekong Delta provinces. The caudal fin of each individual fish was used for protein electrophoresis employing the SDS-PAGE method. The one fillet sides were used as a representative sample to determine the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and amino acids (AAs). The catfish oil was extracted from the belly fats, and the fatty acid (FA) composition was analyzed. There were 21 bands of the Tra and the Basa. Protein bands of the two varieties were 28.6-33.3% polymorphic, while polymorphic individuals of the Tra ranged from 80.0 to 100.0%, and the Basa was 90.0% polymorphic. The phenotypic diversity (Ho) of the Tra ranged from 1.71 to 1.80, while the Basa ranged as high as 2.14%. Diversity values (H$_{EP}$) for genetic diversity markers were equal in the Tra and the Basa. The sum of the effective number of alleles (SENA) of both varieties ranged from 3.40 to 3.83 for the Basa and the Tra, respectively. The lower values of Ho and SENA, as compared with those of the fresh water prawn (Macrobrachium equidens) in the area, would suggest that the species with the low values will become extinct due to inbreeding; the gene pools of each observed population were below a suitable threshold. Many of the differences in the nutritional values of the Tra-c, the Tra-p and the Basa were measured; their nutrient values were comparable to fishmeal or fish oil. Most of the DM, CP, and EE were higher in the Tra, especially in the Tra-c. The essential AA content, especially that of lysine, was highest in the Tra-c, next highest in the Tra-p, and lowest in the Basa. Therefore, the amino acid patterns were closer to the ideal patterns in the same sequences. In contrast, the essential FAs were concentrated in the Basa fish oil. It was found that suitable selection of parents for seed production is required to avoid inbreeding. Catfish may be valuable sources of nutrition for both humans and animals, and the differences in their nutritional values by variety and/or management must be taken into account.