• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.199-207
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• 2015

Solid materials of ammonia sources with SCR have been considered for the application of lean NOx reduction in automobile industry, to overcome complex problems of liquid urea based SCR. These solid materials produce ammonia gas directly with proper heating and can be packaged by compact size, because of high volumetric ammonia density. Among ammonium salts and metal ammine chlorides, calcium ammine chloride was focused on this paper due to low decomposition temperature. In order to make calcium ammine chloride in lab-scale, simple reactor and glove box was designed and built with ammonium gas tank, regulator, and sensors. Basic test conditions of charging ammonia gas to anhydrous calcium chloride are chosen from equilibrium vapor pressure by Van't Hoff plot based on thermodynamic properties of materials. Synthetic method of calcium ammine chloride were studied for different durations, temperatures, and pressures with proper ammonia gas charged, as a respect of ammonia gas adsorption rate(%) from simple weight calculations which were confirmed by IC. Also, lab-made calcium ammine chloride were analyzed by TGA and DSC to clarify decomposition step in the equations of chemical reaction. To understand material characteristics for lab-made calcium ammine chloride, DA, XRD and FT-IR analysis were performed with published data of literature. From analytical results, water content in lab-made calcium ammine chloride can be discovered and new test procedures of water removal were proposed.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.219-225
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• 2011

건설기술자들에게는 첨단 복합재료구조에 대한 이론이 너무 어려워서 간단하면서도 쉽게 적용할 수 있는 정확한 방법을 필요로 하고 있다. 단순지지된 적층판을 특별직교이방성 적층판 이론에 의하여 해석하였다. 본 연구에서는 형상비를 1 : 1 ~ 1 : 5 까지 변화시켜가며 해석을 수행하였다. 대부분의 교량이나 건물의 상판은 형상비가 큰 경우가 많은데, 이런 구조물의 평형방정식에 대한 종방항 모멘트항($M_x$)의 영향은 매우 작아서, 더욱 간단한 해석이 가능하다. 본 논문에서는 특별직교이방성 적층판의 고유진동수에 대한 형상비의 영향을 연구하였으며 이 방법을 사용하면 충분히 정확한 값을 산출할 수 있다. 본 논문의 연구의 결과는 단순지지된 특별직교이방성 적층판의 해석에 이용할 수 있다.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.581-593
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• 2021

This model is proposed to describe the buckling behavior of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) embedded in an elastic medium taking into account the combined effects of the magnetic field, the temperature, the nonlocal parameter, the number of walls. Using Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory, thin cylindrical shell theory and Van der Waal force (VdW) interactions, we develop a system of partial differential equations governing the buckling response of CNTs embedded on Winkler, Pasternak, and Kerr foundations in a thermal-magnetic environment. The pre-buckling stresses are obtained by applying airy's stress function and an adjacent equilibrium criterion. To estimate the nonlocal critical buckling load of CNTs under the simultaneous effects of the magnetic field, the temperature change, and the number of walls, an optimization technique is proposed. Furthermore, analytical formulas are developed to obtain the buckling behavior of SWCNTs embedded in an elastic medium without taking into account the effects of the nonlocal parameter. These formulas take into account VdW interactions between adjacent tubes and the effect of terms involving differences in tube radii generally neglected in the derived expressions of the critical buckling load published in the literature. Most scientific research on modeling the effects of magnetic fields is based on beam theories, this motivation pushes me to develop a cylindrical shell model for studying the effect of the magnetic field on the static behavior of CNTs. The results show that the magnetic field has significant effects on the static behavior of CNTs and can lead to slow buckling. On the other hand, thermal effects reduce the critical buckling load. The findings in this work can help us design of CNTs for various applications (e.g. structural, electrical, mechanical and biological applications) in a thermal and magnetic environment.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.471-483
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• 2023

This paper presents an analytical hyperbolic theory based on the refined shear deformation theory for mechanical stability analysis of the simply supported advanced composites plates (exponentially, sigmoidal and power-law graded) under triangular, trapezoidal and uniform uniaxial and biaxial loading. The developed model ensures the boundary condition of the zero transverse stresses at the top and bottom surfaces without using the correction factor as first order shear deformation theory. The mathematical formulation of displacement contains only four unknowns in which the transverse deflection is divided to shear and bending components. The current study includes the effect of the geometric imperfection of the material. The modeling of the micro-void presence in the structure is based on the both true and apparent density formulas in which the porosity will be dense in the mid-plane and zero in the upper and lower surfaces (free surface) according to a logarithmic function. The analytical solutions of the uniaxial and biaxial critical buckling load are determined by solving the differential equilibrium equations of the system with the help of the Navier's method. The correctness and the effectiveness of the proposed HyRPT is confirmed by comparing the results with those found in the open literature which shows the high performance of this model to predict the stability characteristics of the FG structures employed in various fields. Several parametric analyses are performed to extract the most influenced parameters on the mechanical stability of this type of advanced composites plates.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.211-224
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• 2023

This work presents a modified analytical model for the bending behavior of axially functionally graded (AFG) carbon nanotubes reinforced composite (CNTRC) nanobeams. New higher order shear deformation beam theory is exploited to satisfy parabolic variation of shear through thickness direction and zero shears at the bottom and top surfaces.A Modified continuum nonlocal strain gradient theoryis employed to include the microstructure and the geometrical nano-size length scales. The extended rule of the mixture and the molecular dynamics simulations are exploited to evaluate the equivalent mechanical properties of FG-CNTRC beams. Carbon nanotubes reinforcements are distributed axially through the beam length direction with a new power graded function with two parameters. The equilibrium equations are derived with associated nonclassical boundary conditions, and Navier's procedure are used to solve the obtained differential equation and get the response of nanobeam under uniform, linear, or sinusoidal mechanical loadings. Numerical results are carried out to investigate the impact of inhomogeneity parameters, geometrical parameters, loadings type, nonlocal and length scale parameters on deflections and stresses of the AFG CNTRC nanobeams. The proposed model can be used in the design and analysis of MEMS and NEMS systems fabricated from carbon nanotubes reinforced composite nanobeam.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.289-301
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• 2024

In this work, an analytical model employing a new higher-order shear deformation beam theory is utilized to investigate the bending behavior of axially randomly oriented functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced composite nanobeams. A modified continuum nonlocal strain gradient theory is employed to incorporate both microstructural effects and geometric nano-scale length scales. The extended rule of mixture, along with molecular dynamics simulations, is used to assess the equivalent mechanical properties of functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) beams. Carbon nanotube reinforcements are randomly distributed axially along the length of the beam. The equilibrium equations, accompanied by nonclassical boundary conditions, are formulated, and Navier's procedure is used to solve the resulting differential equation, yielding the response of the nanobeam under various mechanical loadings, including uniform, linear, and sinusoidal loads. Numerical analysis is conducted to examine the influence of inhomogeneity parameters, geometric parameters, types of loading, as well as nonlocal and length scale parameters on the deflections and stresses of axially functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced composite (AFG CNTRC) nanobeams. The results indicate that, in contrast to the nonlocal parameter, the beam stiffness is increased by both the CNTs volume fraction and the length-scale parameter. The presented model is applicable for designing and analyzing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) constructed from carbon nanotubes reinforced composite nanobeams.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.343-356
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• 2024

This paper presents an analytical solution for correctly predicting the Lateral-Torsional Buckling critical moment of simply supported castellated beams, the solution covers uniformly distributed loads combined with compressive loads. For this purpose, the castellated beam section with hexagonal-type perforation is treated as an arrangement of double "T" sections, composed of an upper T section and a lower T section. The castellated beam with regular openings is considered as a periodic repeating structure of unit cells. According to the kinematic model, the energy principle is applied in the context of geometric nonlinearity and the linear elastic behavior of materials. The differential equilibrium equations are established using Galerkin's method and the tangential stiffness matrix is calculated to determine the critical lateral torsional buckling loads. A Finite Element simulation using ABAQUS software is performed to verify the accuracy of the suggested analytical solution, each castellated beam is modelled with appropriate sizes meshes by thin shell elements S8R, the chosen element has 8 nodes and six degrees of freedom per node, including five integration points through the thickness, the Lanczos eigen-solver of ABAQUS was used to conduct elastic buckling analysis. It has been demonstrated that the proposed analytical solution results are in good agreement with those of the finite element method. A parametric study involving geometric and mechanical parameters is carried out, the intensity of the compressive load is also included. In comparison with the linear solution, it has been found that the linear stability underestimates the lateral buckling resistance. It has been confirmed that when high axial loads are applied, an impressive reduction in critical loads has been observed. It can be concluded that the obtained analytical solution is efficient and simple, and offers a rapid and direct method for estimating the lateral torsional buckling critical moment of simply supported castellated beams.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2001

눈물 층을 사이에 두고 각막 위에 부착되어 있는 렌즈(하드렌즈)에는 모세관작용에 따른 장력이 렌즈가장자리에 균일하게 방사형으로 향하여 작용한다. 순목등에 의한 충격으로 평형상태의 렌즈가 평형 위치에서 벗어나게 되면 눈물층의 간격에 변화가 발생하고 이 변화에 의해 불균일 모세관작용에 기인하는 장력에 따라 렌즈에는 복원력이 발생하고 이 힘에 의해 렌즈는 감쇄운동(진동)을 하게 된다. 이러한 복원력을 계산하고 렌즈의 운동을 예측할 수 있는 미분방정식과 컴퓨터프로그램을 수립하였으며 이 컴퓨터 모델을 사용하여 렌즈의 구경, 베이스 커브, 눈물 층의 두께 등의 변수가 렌즈의 운동에 미치는 영향을 모사(模寫)하였다. 눈물층의 점성에 의한 마찰력이 관성력에 비해 크기 때문에 렌즈는 진동을 하지 않고 시간의 경과에 따라 일률적으로 변위가 감소하는 운동양상을 나타내고 있으며 렌즈의 구경이 증가할수록, 눈물층의 두께가 얇아질수록 복원력이 증가하며 따라서 렌즈가 원위치로 되돌아오는데 걸리는 시간이 짧아지고 있다. 그러나 렌즈의 베이스커브는 그 값이 특정 값을 가질 때 원위치 도달 시간이 최소가 된다. 렌즈의 공진진동수는 눈물층의 두께가 증가할수록 렌즈구경이 감소할수록 낮아지고 있으며 베이스커브가 특정 값을 가질 때 공진진동수 역시 최대가 된다. 실제로 콘택트렌즈를 착용한 상태에서 렌즈의 공진진동수와 동일한 진동수의 외부 충격이 렌즈에 가해지는 경우 급격한 렌즈의 상하 또는 좌우 진동이 예상되며 따라서 렌즈가 탈착 된다든지 또는 렌즈의 형상변형으로 인해 각막에 통증이 발생할 수도 있을 것이다. 고함수(高含水) 소프트렌즈와 강은 diaphragm 그 자체는 탄성이 거의 없다. 그러나 함수 소프트렌즈가 각막 상에 눈물 층을 사이에 두고 부착되어 있는 경우에는 눈물의 표면 장력에 의해 탄성이 유기(誘起)될 수 있으므로 진동의 영향이 있을 것으로 본다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2008

목적: 각막 부착 콘택트렌즈에는 어떠한 힘이 작용하며 또한 이 힘에 따른 렌즈의 운동을 알아보고자 본 해설을 작성하였다. 방법: 렌즈 아래 눈물층에는 모세관작용에 따른 힘이 발생하고 렌즈 회전에 따른 눈물층 간격변화에 기인하는 복원력이 발생한다. 눈깜빡임에 따라 콘택트렌즈는 눈꺼풀-렌즈 사이 마찰력과 눈꺼풀의 가속도에 의한 힘, 눈물층의 복원력 및 점성저항력에 의해 운동(움직임)이 결정된다. 눈깜빡임 도중/후 매순간 렌즈의 위치를 예측할 수 있는 미분방정식과 그 수치계산 프로그램 모델을 수립하였다. 이 컴퓨터 모델을 사용하여 눈깜빡임 주기, 렌즈의 BC, 눈꺼풀 압력 변화에 따른 매 순간 렌즈 위치를 예측할 수 있었다. 결과: 눈깜빡임 주기가 길수록, 눈꺼풀 압력이 클수록 눈꺼풀에 의한 마찰력 영향이 커져 렌즈 움직임이 커지며 BC가 증가할수록 눈물층 간격이 증가하여 점성저항력이 감소하며 따라서 렌즈 움직임이 커지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 눈깜빡임 후 렌즈는 눈물층 간격 변화에 따른 복원력과 눈물층의 점성저항력에 의해 진폭이 감소하는 진동을 하면서 평형위치로 복귀하게 된다. 이 경우 BC가 증가할수록 저항력이 감소하여 평형 위치로의 접근이 빨라진다. 결론: 콘택트렌즈의 움직임은 렌즈-각막 사이 눈물층의 물성 및 형상과 아울러 눈깜빡임에 의해 지배된다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.113-125
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• 2007

탄성지반 위의 비대칭 개/폐단면의 박벽보에 대한 탄성해석 및 안정성해석을 수행하기 위해 엄밀한 강성행렬을 계산하기 위한 개선된 수치해석 기법을 새롭게 제시한다. 본 연구에서 제시한 수치해석기법은 박벽보의 안정성 해석을 위한 엄밀한 강성행렬을 산정하는 선행된 수치해석기법의 결점을 보완하고 있다. 본 연구에서 제시한 기법은 일반화된 고유치 문제에 관한 해를 얻는 것으로서 일반화된 14개의 변위에 대한 고유치 문제를 평형방정식에 관한 1차의 연립상미분 방정식으로 변환함으로써 얻어진다. '0'의 고유치에 대응되는 변위파라미터에 대해 다항식이 가정되며 항등조건으로부터 '0'의 고유치의 수와 동일한 미결정된 파라미터를 포함하는 고유 모우드가 결정되고 이로부터 'non-zero'의 고유치와 다항식의 해를 조합함으로써 엄밀한 변위함수가 결정된다. 이후 부재력-변위의 관계를 이용하여 엄밀한 강성행렬을 산정하게 된다. 본 연구에서 개발한 수치해석 기법의 타당성을 검증하기 위해서 본 연구에서 제시한 이론에 의한 해를 제시하고 보요소 및 쉘요소을 사용한 유한요소해와 비교 검토한다.