• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.18 no.7
• /
• pp.544-549
• /
• 2009

This study aimed to elucidate the deformation mechanism during low-temperature superplasticity of fine-grained Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si alloy in the context of constitutive equation. For this purpose, initial coarse equiaxed microstructure was refined to $2.2{\mu}m$ via dynamic globularization. Globularized microstructure exhibited large superplastic elongations(434-826%) at temperatures of $650-750^{\circ}C$ and strain rate of $10^{-4}s^{-1}$. It was found that the main deformation mechanism of fine-grained material was grain boundary sliding accommodated by dislocation motion with both stress exponent (n) and grain size exponent (p) values of 2. When the alpha grain size, not sub-grain size, was considered to be an effective grain size, the apparent activation energy for low-temperature superplasticity of the present alloy(169kJ/mol) was closed to that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy(160kJ/mol).

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.70-75
• /
• 2012

In this study, effect of nitrogen volume in the shielding gas of Ar-$N_2$ mixing gas on the bead shape, hardness and microstructure of GTA welds of 3mm thick Commercial Pure Ti was investigated. As the nitrogen volume increased, the welding current for full penetration was reduced and hardness in the fusion zone significantly increased compared with that of the base metal, but there is no difference in the hardness of HAZ. Microstructure in the fusion zone with pure Ar gas changed from equiaxed alpha of the base metal to serrated alpha. On the other hand, microstructure using Ar-$N_2$ mixing gas changed to acicular alpha. With the increasing of nitrogen content, the amount of acicular alpha increased and the size of that was fine.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.109-115
• /
• 2010

Interstitial-free (IF) steels are widely used for car body material. However, a few types of streaky mark defect are commonly found on hot dip galvannealed (GA) IF steel sheets. In the present study, both the phase structure of a streaky mark defect and the microstructure of the substrate just below it were characterized by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the bright streaky mark area was composed of ${\delta}$ phase while the dark normal area was full of craters. More than half of the grains at the uppermost surface of the substrate just below the streaky mark defect are unrecrystallized grains which could result from lower finish rolling temperature during hot rolling and be kept stable during the annealing process, while almost all the grains in the normal area are equiaxed grains. In order to confirm the effect of the unrecrystallized grains on the coating morphology, hot dip galvannealing simulation experiments were carried out in IWATANI HDPS. It is proved that the unrecrystallized grains accelerate the Fe-Zn reaction rate during galvannealing and result in a flatter coating surface and an even coating thickness. Finally, a formation mechanism of the streaky mark defect on the hot dip galvannealed IF steel sheet was discussed.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.124-133
• /
• 2003

Ti-25Al-xNb (x=0, 3, 7, 11, 13 at. %) alloys and 18 vol. % TiB/(Ti-25Al-11Nb) metal matrix composite were fabricated by spark plasma sintering process at 900-120$0^{\circ}C$. Microstructural characteristics of the sintered bodies were identified by SEM, EDX analysis, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimeterric method. $Ti_3Al$ alloy was consisted of equiaxed $\alpha_2$ phase. $Ti_3Al-Nb$ alloys and the matix of TiB/(Ti-25Al-11Nb) metal matrix composite had the morphology that O phase was precipitated at the grain boundary of $\alpha_2$phase. Volume fraction of O phase and hardness were depended on the concentration of Nb in $Ti_3Al-Nb$ alloy, Rule of mixing could be applied to hardness and Young's modulus of 18 vol. % TiB/(Ti-25Al-11Nb) metal matrix composite.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
• /
• 2001.05a
• /
• pp.20-23
• /
• 2001

Hypereutectic Al-25Si alloy, which is expected to be applied to the cylinder-liner-part of the engine-block of an automobile due to its excellent wear resistance, low density and low thermal expansion coefficient, has been fabricated through a spray forming process. The obtained microstructure of the hypereutectic Al-25Si alloy appeared to consist of Al matrix and equiaxed Si particles of average diameter of 5-7 mm. To characterize the deformation behavior of this alloy, a series of load relaxation and compression tests have been conducted at temperatures ranging from RT to $500^{\circ}C$. The strain rate sensitivity parameter (m) of this alloy has been found to be very low (0.1) below $400^{\circ}C$ and reached maximum value of about 0.2 at $500^{\circ}C$. During the deformation above $300^{\circ}C$ in compression, strain softening has been observed. The diagram of extrusion pressure vs. ram-speed has been constructed. The extrusion has been successfully conducted at the temperatures of $300^{\circ}C$ and above with the ratio of area reduction of 28 and 40 in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.101-105
• /
• 2004

After extrusion, cold rolling and T-6 treatment, texture development of 7x1x Al-alloy with 0.1% Sc is studied. During extrusion the very strong <111>+weak <100> fiber texture is developed, which is Influenced on the formation of rolling texture. The texture after 80% cold rolling can be described by strong{112}<111>(Cu)+{123}<634>(S) component in the cross section of the extruded rod, the strong -fiber+weak{110}<001>(Goss) components in the longitudinal section, and the strong {110}<112>(Bs)+weak{001}<100>(Cube) components in the transverse section. The components of rolling texture are remained after T-6 treatment, but the maximum density of ODF is higher. The calculated mean r-values and the planar anisotropy are relatively high, which are dependent on the texture. After T-6 treatment, recrystallized equiaxed grains with average grain size of $1{\sim}2{\mu}m$ are obtained.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.271-278
• /
• 1996

In this study, the effect of the transition elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of rapidly solidified Al-Mg-X alloys was investigated. As a result of the rapid solidification processing, fine equiaxed grains with a mean diameter of 2 $\mu$m were observed in these alloys. Many fine particles were found to be distributed rather homogeneously throughout the matrix with relatively large particles occasionally at grain boundaries. The ultimate tensile strengths of Al-Mg-X alloys were found to decrease rather remarkably at 150 $^{\circ}C$ without the gain of the ductility at 150 $^{\circ}C$, which may result from segregation of $\beta$ ($Al_{3}Mg_{2}$) precipitates. Fine dimples were observed on the fracture surfaces for all alloy systems and the variation of the size and shape of dimples was not observed upon alloy systems. The ductility at 530 $^{\circ}C$ was found to be ~100%, suggesting that grain boundary sliding did not contribute to ductiliy despite he grain size stabilization. The absence of superplastic behavior may be associated with low boundary misorientation in rapidly solidified Al-Mg-X alloys.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.408-411
• /
• 2002

Effect of in-situ vibration on the properties of A-grade steel SMA weldment has been investigated. Welding was performed on the steel fixed at the experimental jig under the mechanical vibration of a given frequency. The applied frequency varied from 39 to 43.5 Hz (harmonic frequency). For weldments formed under the vibration with a sub-harmonic frequency, both the columnar width of the weld metal and the prior austenite grain size of the HAZ near the fusion line clearly decreased. This indicates that the vibration increase the cooling rate after welding. Vibration effect was also found at the weld metal formed at the center region of the weldment. The weld metal showed liner microstructure both in columnar zone and in equiaxed zone with thinner grain boundary ferrite. However mechanical properties of the weld metal did not exactly follow the microstructural changes developed under the vibration. The weld metal formed under the vibration revealed higher yield and tensile strength but lower ductility and impact toughness, compared with the conventional weld metal.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.516-521
• /
• 2002

A study was carried out to grow an understanding of the microstructural development of friction stir welds on an AZ91D magnesium alloy, and to evaluate the mechanical properties of the welds. AZ91D plates with the thickness of 4mm were used, and the microstructural development of the weld zone was investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopes. Square butt welding joint with good quality was obtained at the conditions of under 187mm/min of travel speed with 1100 to 1250 rpm of tool rotation speed. The microstructure within the weld region consisted of fine equiaxed grains with no evidence of the original dendritic structure. The hardness tests showed slightly increased harness in the weld region, and the minimum hardness measured is in that of the parent material. Tensile strength of the weld zone was remarkably improved due to very fine recrystallized structure. XRD pattern of weld zone revealed the removal of $\beta$ intermetallic compounds, $Mg_{17}$Al$_{12}$, which had been distributed in the base metal.l.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
• /
• 2003.10b
• /
• pp.43-46
• /
• 2003

Prediction of final microstructures after high temperature forming of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was attempted in this study. Using two typical microstructures, i.e., equiaxed and $Widmanst\ddot{a}tten$ microstructures, compression test was carried out up to the strain level of 0.6 at various temperatures $(700\~1100^{\circ}C)$ and strain rates $(10^{-4}\~10^2/s)$. From the flow stress-strain data, parameters such as strain rate sensitivity (m) and activation energy (Q) were calculated and used to establish constitutive equations for both microstructures. Then, finite element analysis was performed to predict the final microstructure of the deformed body, which was well accorded with the experimental results.