• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.139-149
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• 1999

It is very important to establish precisely the historical phases of nursing. We nurses should try to acquire the central social position in the health management system in the near the future, the 21st Century. Therefore my treatise aims to orient the desirable phases of the history of nursing through the feministic survey of the history of nursing from the post medieval epoche to the modern epoche. During the time of the renaissance which gave morning light to the modern epoche, the antique Athenian thinking of sex was again revived. Athenian excluded the women from the public and autonomous regions. All the medical activity, once dominated by the women, was misfortunately regarded as superstition acted by witches. Accordingly, the nursing women were to hunted as witches. In short, in the early modern epoche, women began to be excluded from the history of medical activities. In the middle modern epoche characterized by the enlightenment movement and early capital economic system, capitalistic patriarchal system began to be formed by change in the economic system. The status of women began to be greatly dropped below by the social distinction of the private dimension of home and the Public dimension of job. The woman was deprived of even the occasion to get the official license of medicine and medical institutions were handed to the state or the powerful and rich merchants. Accordingly, nursing acted mainly in the nunnery as the total approach to the patients was destructed wholly and transformed into the means of earning the money. Therefore unprepared low class -women began to engage in nursing only for the money. From then on, nursing activity was tunneled through the dark age for 200 years. In the late modern epoche characterized by the contrast of the accumulated vast capital by industrialization and vast poverty of the peoples, feminism began to float over the surface for the acquisition of equality of men and women from England. A feminist, Nightingale insisted that the women as nurses should be responsible for the healthy life of man. She tried the professional nursing education for women. Accordingly she not only contributed to the intellectual progress of women but also inspired in women the consciousness of the professional job. She tried to realize the ideal of at-that-time-feminists by engaging in nursing all through life. She really paved the road to contemporary nursing. In the near the future, I will write to describe how the late modern epoche nursing has fallen into the dilemma through the 1st and 2nd world wars and matured capitalism and to consider contemporary nursing with the status of women. All these papers aim to give proper recognition of nursing and right orientation of the future 21st Century nursing.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.361-381
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• 2018

Shakespeare reflects/refracts the controversial spirit of his age in the epistemological and political skepticism of his Roman plays: Titus Andronicus, Julius Caesar, Coriolanus, and Antony and Cleopatra. Skepticism doubts all received truth and suspends judgment, and it often takes the form of mental jousting on both sides of a question. Renaissance skepticism was strengthened by rhetorical education. Arguing on both sides of the question (in utramquem partem) was a practice taught in Shakespeare's grammar school in order to enhance students' mental abilities in logic and dialectic. This rhetorical exercise seldom leads to a third-term resolution: it just reveals all the apparent and hidden aspects of a problem at issue. Shakespeare's Roman plays, especially his Julius Caesar, demonstrate this skeptical attitude, leaving the judgment to the audience.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.27-40
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• 1984

Die Geschichte des Kostums steht in unmittelbarem odor mittelbarem Zusammenhang mit der allgemeinea historischen Entwicklung derjenigen Lander und sozialen Schichten, die das kulturclle Gesicht und damit auch die Entwicklung der Mode einer Epoche bestimmen. Im 19. Jahrhundert war das Burgertum in Europa die herrschende soziale Schicht und daher auch modisch tonangebend. Die Mode des Burgertums zeigte demokratisierende Tendon-zen: Vereinfachung der Ausstattung und der Formen, wobei sich die Proportionen der Kleidung so gut wie moglich den des Korpers anpaBten. Die Herrenmode beugte sich zunehmend den For-derungen nach ZweckmaBigkeit; dab galt zumindest fur den Tagesanzug, der immer mehr zum Arbeitsanzug wurde und sick damit der Mannerkleidung der arbeinden Schicht annahrte. Die Industrialisierung trug ebenfalls dazu bei, daB die modischen und sozialen Previlegien in der Kleidung sich verminderten : die Textil-und Konfektionsindustrie muBte sich zwangs-laufig auf die Bedurfnisse der Massen und auf deren Wunsch einstellen. In der Herrenmode setzte sich die Tendenz zu funktionaler Einfachheit und Gradlinigkeit durch, d.h. funktional uberflussige Teile wie z.B. die Vielzahl der Kragen, Knopfreihen, uberlange SchoBe verschwanden ; an die Stelle der Farbenfreude trat ein einfaches, einhei-tliches Grau, Schwarz, Blau und Braun. Diese Vereinfachung wurde zum Ausdruck der zunehmenden Demokratisierung, wurde aber zugleich auch Voraussetzung fur eine neue Differnzierung des KlassenbewuBtseins. Zum Statussymbol wurden die auffalliges Erscheinen vermeidende Eleganz und das Arrangement der einzelnen Kleidungsstucke zu einem har-monischen Ganzen; elegante Kleidung weist ihren Trager aus als Kenner des Modetrends und damit als zugehorig zum Kreis der modeavancierten Schicht. Diese Ambivalenz bestimmt auch die Mode des 20. Jahrhunderts.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.458-484
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• 2001

The costume originated from the idea that it could protect human beings from ferocious beasts. The military costume was from protection against an enemy equipped with weapons. Furthermore, the makers of the costume were afraid of supernatural powers and it made them devise an armour and decorate it by the concept of superstition for the purpose of overcoming it. The function of military uniform was important for increasing the protection against any enemies while they join in battle. However in harmonious time, it represented artwork of peace, dignity, and order. Since the uniform was a king of symbol to show their position, and their role. They could feel proud as a member of a military group they belong to and they gain honor, courage, patriotic sentiment through their military costume. The purpose of this study was to investigate the originality the military costume as it changed and developed continuously from ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome to modern times. This study was performed to show the comparison and characteristic marks of the past, and the influence of them on the modern military uniform. The method used in this study was using past manuscripts of the early times, information attained from domestic and foreign military documents and previously written reports. As a result, the military costume was one of many means of expression of their natural and social environment. It can be said that the most epoche-marking and powerful changes to the social environment are revolution or war. War absolutely has influenced on the changes of the changes of costume and the military armour according to the type of war and the development of weapons. Especially using the amour, the main purpose that of protecting the body has changed into distinguishing our forces from the enemy and instilling fear into enemy, Furthermore, the class who has the power has used it in order to express their power and dignity. Therefore, armour had required two rules to not only protect the body but also discriminating between classes.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.4
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• pp.289-317
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• 2001

Das Ziel dieses Aufsatzes liegt darin, Typen und Ursachen der $Ver\"{a}nderungen$ bei den morphologischen Kategorien und den Satz- strukturen zu untersuchen, und die historischen Entwicklungen des Deutschen zusammenfassend darzustellen. In der Sprachentwicklung $m\"{u}ssen$ wir die lebendige Wechselbeziehung zwischen Sprache und Leben beachten. Sprache und Leben sind nicht als zwei verschiedene $Gr\"{o}{\ss}en$ zu betrachten, sondern nur in ihrem gegenseitigen Bedingtsein zu verstehen. Sprache und Leben sind immer in ihren inneren $Zusammenh\"{a}ngen$ zu sehen, $ge\"{a}nderten\;Lebens-\;umst\"{a}nden$ werden sprachliche $Ver\"{a}nderungen$ folgen. Bei den $Ver\"{a}nderungstypen$ wurden einige Ursachen $erw\"{a}hnt$, z. B. die $Abschw\"{a}chung$ der Endungsvokale und die Tendenz der Entwicklung vom synthetischen zum analytischen Satzbau. Eine wirkliche Ursache unter den $Ver\"{a}nderungsfaktoren$ ist der Einfluss der fremden Sprachen auf die deutsche Syntax. Zu den $\"{a}u{\ss}eren$ Ursachen rechnen wir $s\"{a}mliche\;ungew\"{o}hnlich$ verschiedenartigen Impulse, die von der die Sprache umgebenden Umwelt ausgehen. Sprachliche Veranderungen $k\"{o}nnen$ auch innere Ursachen haben. Als innere Ursachen wurden das Prinzip der sprachlichen $\"{O}konomie$, die Tendenz zur emotionalen $Expressivit\"{a}t$, das Streben nach Anschaulichkeit sowie einige $\"{a}sthetisch$ und sozial bedingte $Gr\"{u}nde$ besprochen. In Bezug auf die historischen Entwicklungen des Deutschen wurden die Epochen der Sprachentwicklung in Anlehnung an Hogo Moser(1972) in 5 Epochen, d.h. Vorgeschichte der deutschen Sprache, Altdeutsche Zeit, Mittelalterliches Deutsch, Neudeutsche Zeit und Deutsch der Gegenwart untergliedert, und einige wichtige Entwicklungen des Deutschen in der jeweiligen Epoche zusammengefasst.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.23
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• pp.109-152
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• 2014

This paper deals with the artistic expression of religious thought in terms of the uniqueness of different images and creativity. The relationship between religion and art is complicated but popular in modern society. Film becomes the icon of modern culture to enhance the knowledge of religious traditions. Among many Korean religious films, Kang Daejin's work, The Way of Peace (1984) contains the life and thought of Kang Jeungsan(1871-1909), the highest god of Daesoonjinrihoe. First, the film, The Way of Peace, pays attention to the legitimacy of succession from Kang Jeungsan to Cho Jeongsan(1895-1958). Korea was beset with trouble both at home and abroad. China, Japan, Russia, and the US had the colonial desire to conquer the lands of Korea and to explore natural resources. Though the people of Eastern Learning(東學) protested government and Japanese colonialists, Jeungsan applied the principle of non-violence to the world. In order to save all the living beings of the world, he reordered the universe and renewed the harmonic relationship of human beings and their spirit. Second, The Way of Peace proposed the soteriology of peace and change to audience regardless of seekers(道人) or not. Jeungsan transformed the closed society to the open society, changed divided religions to the transcendent truth(道). He empowered the marginalized people such as women, the lowly, the elderly, and the sick, who were oppressed in the Confucian society. And he redeemed the people from the disease by healing all diseases and correcting disorders. In conclusion, The Way of Peace is a good resource of religious education by which we can overcome the religious illiteracy. The knowledge of new religious movements and Daesoonjinrihoe is necessary for us to understand the diversity of human nature. In the near future, the new images of Jeungsan should be created through multi-media and cultural contents for the new generation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.646-658
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• 2020

This study assessed the experience of telehealth digital art therapy with a phenomenological case study method based on the need for a psychotherapeutic intervention of caring for the psychological health of self-quarantined people before confirmed with COVID-19. The research participant was a 17-year-old adolescent (girl) from Canada, who participated in seven sessions in a structured telehealth digital art therapy program for 90~120 minutes per session while she was self-quarantining. The analysis of the data was conducted in the process of assessing significant statements through content analysis and drawing themes based on the researcher's pre-understanding and epoche. As a result, 34 themes were drawn, which were classified into 10 common theme clusters and finally into three theses, including "psychology and emotions during self-quarantine", "limitation of remote digital art therapy', and 'positiveness of remote digital art therapy." This study is the case study of telehealth digital art therapy conducted first with a self-quarantined person before confirmed with COVID-19, and at the center of the crisis of COVID-19, hopefully, this study would provide important implications for "psychological quarantine," active self-care for self-quarantined people's psychological health.