• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 2006

This study was done to know a kind and change (transition) of enzymes produceed by Streptomyces halstedii ssp. scabies SA1-27 and Streptomyces violaceusinger C1-6 which showed good lignolytic activity and a good decolorization ratio of remazol brilliant blue R(RBBR) dye. These strains were isolated from soil and identified by the author. The basal medium containg 0.2% glucose was used to measure enzyme activity, Lignin peroxidase 1 (Lip 1) was measured by the methods of Choi, and Bourbonnais and Paice. Lignin peroxidase 2 (Lip 2) was measured by the methods of Ishida et al and Ramachandra et al using 2.4-dichlorophenol(2.4 DCP), manganese peroxidase(Mnp), veratryl alcohol oxidase (VAO), and laccase. They were measured by each of the methods of Choi and Paszczynski et al, and Bourbonnais and Paice, and De Jong et al. In the results, the kind of enzymes produced by Streptomyces halstedii ssp. scabies SA1-27 were Lip 1, Lip 2, VAO, and laccase, and their activities indicated the highest value as each 4.95 nmol/mg protein, $8.45({\times}100^{-3})unit$, 10.25 nmol/mg protein, 9.20 nmol/mg protein on the sixth day of the culture and decreased gradually over time. The kind of enzymes produced by Streptomyces violaceusinger C1-6 were Lip 1, Lip 2, Mnp, VAO, and laccase, and their activities indicated the highest value as each 4.90 nmol/mg protein, $13.85({\times}100^{-3})unit$, 3.10 nmol/mg protein, 11.30 nmol/mg protein, 4.45 nmol/mg protein on the sixth day of the culture and decreased gradually over time. Consequently, the author knew the fact that there were few differences in the kind and quantity of enzymes produced by the two Streptomyces strains, but all enzyme activities indicated the highest value on the sixth day of the culture and decreased gradually over time.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.153-158
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• 1993

As a part of pharmacological studies of saikosaponins, which were reported to exhibit diverse biological activities especially concerning with liver function, effects of saikosaponin on metabolizing enzymes and lipid peroxide contents in liver were examined. As the result, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity and lipid peroxidation which were due to acetaminophen were inhibited by saikosaponin treatment. But other metabolizing enzyme activities were not modified.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 1993

Saikosaponins, originally isolated from Bupleuri Radix, were reported to exhibit diverse biological activities especially concerning with liver function. To elucidate the mode of protective action of saikosaponins on liver injury due to the acetaminophen administration, effects on drug metabolizing enzymes system and some transferase activities were checked. As the result, activities of transferase were shown to be strengthened by saikosaponin treatments significantly.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.357-363
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• 1994

An expreiment with non-nodulating alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants was designed to investigate the changes in protein contents and the activities of proteolytic enzymes during a regrowth period of 24 d. Shoot removal caused a depression of root growth and significantly reduced protein contents in roots. An initial decline of root proteins for the first 10 d was followed by a rapid recovery from d 11 to 24. The major increase of regrowing shoot weight occurred also from d 11. The activities of aminopeptidase and endoprotease slightly decreased in regrowing leaves, while protein contents remains stable after shoot removal. Roots exhibited source behaviour with a rapid increase of endoprotease activities for the first 10 d of regrowth; about a 370% increase over the initial level was observed. Increase in endoprotease activity in roots coincided with the time of protein remobilization after shoot removal, indicating the important role of endoproteases in protein degradation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1994

The effects of red ginseng extracts (5.5 mg/mouse: i.p.) on the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) and lipid peroxidation were studied in the cytosol fraction of kidney. The experiments were carried out with whole-body irradiated (6.0 Gy, $^{60}Co$) and non-irradiated ICR mice. In the red ginseng extract-treated and irradiated mice, the activities of Cu, Zn- SOD, Mn-SOD, catalase and peroxidase were significantly enhanced by 27.8, 31.9, 17.9 and 15.0%, respectively, but the contents of malondialdehyde were considerably decreased (81.OfS) after 21 days, compared with those of non-treated mice. The enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes inhibited the increase of malondialdehyde product resulted from the ionizing radiation. These results suggest that red ginseng extracts probably play an important role in radioprotective effect. Key words Red ginseng, SOD, catalase, peroxidase, lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.129-142
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative effects of the extract of Scolopendra subspinipes which has been used mainly for detoxication in the oriental medicine and reported to have sedative action, antiinflammatory effect, antihypertensive property and immunity enhancing activity. Method: Inhibitory activities on oxygen radical generating enzymes (aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase) and increasing activities on oxygen radical scavenging enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase) were investigated. Furthermore, the content of glutathione in the mouse brain, DPPH radical scavenging activity and also anti-lipid peroxidative effects in vivo and in vitro were estimated. Results: The extract showed weak inhibitory effects on the activities of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase which are oxygen radical generating enzymes. The extract inhibited lipid peroxidation with 26.1% against control group at 500 mg/kg in vivo and with 11.2% against control group at 10 mg/kg in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, which means this drug may protect radical-induced cell damages. The extract showed dose-dependently the scavenging effect on DPPH radical with 24.8% activity at 10 mg/ml in vitro. The extract enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase, which are oxygen radical scavenging enzymes, with 28.9%, 22.3% and 23.1%, respectively at 500mg/kg in vivo. Finally, this extract strongly increased the glutathione content in the mouse barin. Conclusion: Above results indicated that Scolopendra subspinipes can be useful for the protection or treatment of some diseases caused by reactive oxygen species.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.155-162
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• 1971

A comparison of dextrinogenic amylase activities in the Asp. niger group was made with their crude and ethanol dialized enzymes before and after heating at high temperature (60-$65^{\circ}C$). The results obtained are as follows ; 1. THe dextrinogenic amylase activity of crude enzymes of Asp. kawachii and Asp. foetidus was strong, but Asp. phoernicis, Asp. carbonarius and Asp.japonicus showed weak activity. The others showed medial grades of activity. 2. The ethanol dialized enzymes of Asp. kawachii, Asp. foetidus and Asp. japonicus was very sesitive to high temperature (60 or $65^{\circ}C$) and their enzymatic activities were diminished greatly. The others did not show diminution of enzymatic activity at 60 or 65.deg.C, but diminished greatly at 70 or $75^{\circ}C$. 3. The ethanol dialized enzymes of the Asp.niger group heated to 65.deg.C was more sensitive at pH 6.0 and 6.5 than at pH 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5. 4. Tested strains in the Asp.niger group were subdivided into 4 subgroups by their dextrinogenic amylase activities before and after heating at 60 or $65^{\circ}C$. The first group showed a medial grade of activity before heating and no diminution of their enzymatic activities after heating. Asp. niger, Asp.pulverulentus, Asp. awamori and Asp. usmii were included in this group. The second group had strong enzymatic activity before heating, but diminished greatly after heating. Asp rawachii and Asp. phoenicis were included in this group. The fourth group showed very weak enzymatic activity before heating, and was inactivated easily by heating. Asp.oryzae of the Asp. flavus group showed a very strong dextrinogenic amylase activity before heating. After the heat treatment, however, its enzymatic activity was diminished greatly.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.264-273
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• 2007

In order to examine the cross-tolerance of two chilling-tolerant cultivars (Donganbyeo and Heukhyangbyeo) and two chilling-susceptible cultivars (Hyangmibyeo and Taekbaekbyeo) to salt, paraquat, and drought, changes of physiological response and antioxidant enzymes were investigated. The seedlings were grown in a growth chamber until the 4-leaf stage. The seedlings were exposed to chilling at $5^{\circ}C$ for 3 days. For drought treatment, the seedlings were subjected to drought by withholding water from plants for 5 days. For paraquat study, plants were sprayed with $300{\mu}M$ paraquat. For the salt stress, the seedlings were transferred to the Hoagland's nutrient solution containing 0.6% (w/v) NaCl for 4 days. Chilling-tolerant cultivars showed cross-tolerant to other stresses, salt, paraquat, and drought in physiological parameters, such as leaf injury, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and lipid peroxidation. The baseline levels of antioxidative enzyme activities, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activities in chilling-tolerant cultivars were higher than in the chilling-susceptible cultivars. However, there were no differences in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities between chilling-tolerant and -susceptible cultivars in untreated control. CAT activity in chilling-tolerant cultivars was higher than that in chilling-susceptible cultivars during chilling, salt, and drought treatments, but not during paraquat treatment. However, other antioxidative enzymes, APX, POX, and GR activities showed no significant differences between chilling-tolerant and -susceptible cultivars during chilling, salt, paraquat, and drought treatments. Thus, it was assumed that CAT contribute to cross-tolerance mechanism of chilling, salt, and drought in rice plants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1725-1731
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• 2002

The distribution and activities of hydrolytic enzymes (cellulolyti, hemicellulolytic,pectinolytic and others) in the rumen compartments of Hereford bulls fed 100% alfalfa hay based diets were evaluated. The alfalfa proportion in the diet was gradually increased for two weeks. Whole rumen contents were processed into four fractions: Rumen contents including both the liquid and solid fractions were homogenized and centrifuged, and the supernatant was assayed for enzymes located in whole rumen contents (WRE); rumen contents were centrifuged and the supernatant was assayed for enzymes located in rumen fluids (RFE); feed particles in rumen contents were separated manually, washed with buffer, resuspended in an equal volume of buffer, homogenized and centrifuged and supernatant was assayed for enzymes associated with feed particles (FAE); and rumen microbial cell fraction was separated by centrifugation, suspended in an equal volume of buffer, sonicated and centrifuged, and the supernatant was assayed for enzymes bound with microbial cells (CBE). It was found that polysaccharide-degrading proteins such as $\beta$-1,4-D-endoglucanase, $\beta$-1,4-D-exoglucanase, xylanase and pectinase enzymes were located mainly with the cell bound (CBE) fraction. However, $\beta$-D-glucosidase, $\beta$-D-fucosidase, acetylesterase, and $\alpha$-L-arabinofuranosidase were located in the rumen fluids (RFE) fraction. Protease activity distributions were 37.7, 22.1 and 40.2%, and amylase activity distributions were 51.6, 18.2 and 30.2% for the RFE, FAE and CBE fractions, respectively. These results indicated that protease is located mainly in rumen fluid and with microbial cells, whereas amylase was located mainly in the rumen fluid.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.199-205
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• 2004

Cytochrome P450 (P450) 1 enzymes such as P450 1A1, 1A2, and 181 are known to be involved in the oxidative metabolism of various procarcinogens and are regarded as important target enzymes for cancer chemoprevention. Previously, several hydroxystilbene compounds were reported to inhibit P450 1 enzymes and were rated as candidate chemopreventive agents. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of 2-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)vinyl]-thiophene (DMPVT), produced from the chemical modification of oxyresveratrol, on the activities of P450 1 enzymes. The inhibitory potential by DMPVT on the P450 1 enzyme activity was evaluated with the Escherichia coli membranes of the recombinant human cytochrome P450 1A1, 1A2, or 1B1 coexpressed with human NADPH-P450 reductase. DMPVT significantly inhibited ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) activities with $IC_{50}$ values of 61, 11, and 2 nM for 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1, respectively. The EROO activity in OMBA-treated rat lung microsomes was also significantly inhibited by OMPVT in a dose-dependent manner. The modes of inhibition by DMPVT were non-competitive for all three P450 enzymes. The inhibition of P450 1B1-mediated EROD activity by OMPVT did not show the irreversible mechanism-based effect. The loss of EROD activity in P450 1B1 with OMPVT incubation was not blocked by treatment with the trapping agents such as glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, or dithiothreitol. Taken together, the results suggested DMPVT to be a strong noncompetitive inhibitor of human P450 1 enzymes that should be considered as a good candidate for a cancer chemopreventive agent in humans.