• 농업과학연구
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.387-393
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• 2012

In the present study, ${\beta}$-glucanase-assisted extraction of starch from glutinous barley(Hinchal ssalbory) was investigated. ${\beta}$-glucanase was added to a coarse starch suspension obtained after wet milling in the starch extraction process. It was found that in the isolated starch with enzyme treatment, protein content was lower by 0.03%, compared to that with non-enzyme treatment. More importantly it was observed that the extraction yield of starch from enzyme treatment was found to be about 12% higher than the one from non-enzyme treatment (enzyme treated: 90.56%, non-enzyme treated: 78.46%). In order to elucidate this finding, the mass-balance determination of starch in each extraction step was carried out and found that the enzyme treatment might influence on the insoluble residues(R3 and R4 fractions) to hydrolyze ${\beta}$-glucan and other materials (e.g., mucilages etc.), thereby facilitated the separation of starch from it and a next filtration process. With a phase-contrast microscope it was observed that the isolated starch with enzyme treatment contained small starch granules more than the one with non-enzyme treatment and this might result in higher extraction yield observed with the former. In order to confirm this hypothesis, further experiments would be necessary.

• ALGAE
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2011

Fermentation and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) improve nutritional and functional properties of foods by increasing the extraction of active compounds, ingestion rates, and body absorption. In this study, we investigated whether applying the EAE process improves the extraction and isolation efficiency of a polysaccharide from fermented Ecklonia cava (FE), which inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that the FE using the fungi Candida utilis and two different bacteria, namely Lactobacillus brevis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased protein and carbohydrate contents in comparison with those in non-fermented E. cava (NE). Aqueous extracts of fermented E. cava increased extraction yields and carbohydrate content, compared with the aqueous extract of NE. In addition, treating LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with aqueous extracts resulted in reduced NO production compared to that in LPS-treated cells. Ten EAEs of L. brevis-fermented E. cava (LFE) improved NO inhibitory effects in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells and the Viscozyme extract (VLFE) from the resulting extracts showed the highest NO inhibitory effect. We found that the >30 kDa fraction of VLFE led to markedly high inhibition of LPS-induced NO production as compared to that in the <30 kDa fraction. The crude polysaccharide isolated from >30 kDa fraction (VLFEP) consisted of fucose and markedly decreased NO production induced by LPS stimulation. VLFEP could be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent to suppress macrophage activation.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.236-241
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• 2013

필로카르핀은 Pilocarpus 속으로부터 유일하게 분리되는 이미다졸계 알칼로이드로서 상당히 제약적으로 중요하다. Pilocarpus jaborandi로부터 필로카르핀을 추출하기 위하여 환경친화적인 효소를 이용한 추출법을 이용하였다. 본 연구에서는 상업적으로 이용할 수 있는 효소칵테일인 Viscozyme$^{(R)}$L을 사용하였다. 추출 조건은 기질, 효소, 온도 및 pH 등에 기초하여 최적화되었다. 가장 높은 수율을 위한 최적화 조건은 pH4인 50 mM 아세트산 40 ml 하에서 $45^{\circ}C$, 100 mg 기질, 30시간 반응이였다. 최적의 추출 효소농도는 10%이였다. Viscozyme$^{(R)}$L 처리로부터 얻어진 전체 필로카르핀 함유량($1.14{\mu}g/mg$) 수준은 기존 처리방법에서 얻어지는 양($0.37{\mu}g/mg$)보다 3.08배 높은 것을 확인하였다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1761-1769
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• 2018

Enzyme-assisted extraction is a cost-effective, safe, and efficient method to obtain bioactives from plant materials. During this study, 10 different marine algae from Sri Lanka were individually extracted by using five commercial food-grade carbohydrases. The enzymatic and water extracts of the seaweeds were analyzed for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The highest DPPH, hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and intracellular $H_2O_2$ scavenging abilities were observed from the Celluclast extract of Sargassum polycystum (CSp). CSp exerted protective effects against oxidative stress-induced cell death in hydrogen peroxide-induced Chang cells and in model zebrafish. The Celluclast extract of Chnoospora minima (CCm) showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages ($IC_{50}=44.47{\mu}g/mL$) and in model zebrafish. CCm inhibited the levels of iNOS, COX-2, $PGE_2$, and TNF-${\alpha}$ in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Hence, CSp and CCm could be utilized in developing functional ingredients for foods, and cosmeceuticals.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2002

The two stage laccase-assisted delignification process led to significant lignin removal in the non-pressurized treatments. It is clearly shown that an alkaline extraction prior to the second laccase treatment significantly increased the overall delignification by ∼15%. This is in line with the contention that the residual lignin has undergone structural changes during the alkaline extraction, and the resulting modified structures are susceptible to the laccase oxidation. In phenolic hydroxyl group, the pre- methylated sample was very responsive to the delignification process. The phenolic hydroxyl groups could be increased during side chain cleavage catalyzed by laccase. This finding demonstrates that the delignification oi etherified structures is an important reaction in the delignificaton by laccase.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.789-798
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• 2013

In the present study, optimization on ${\beta}$-glucanase-assisted extraction was made in order to isolate waxy barley starch from domestic cultivar using the D-optimal design suitable for response surface methodology (RSM). The results demonstrated that the amount of enzyme was found to be a major influencing factor on the extraction yield, which was substantially increased by increasing the amount of enzyme. It was also influenced by the reaction time and amount of water addition; however, the two factors were less influential than the amount of enzyme. The optimized condition by RSM for the reaction time was found to be 2.63 hours and amount of enzyme 1.7%, and amount of water addition 4.38 times the weight of raw material. With the enzyme treatment, the starch content in residues (R), particularly in R1 and R5, was reduced considerably, resulting in an increase in the extraction yield and therefore primarily and effectively releasing B-type starch small granule confirmed by scanning electronic microscopy. In addition, the study determined the physicochemical properties of isolated waxy starch (i.e., purity, water adsorption capacity, thermal properties, rheology and starch morphology) and compared them with those from the enzyme-not treated sample. It was found that they were almost similar to each other, except for the purity of starch, which was lower in the enzyme-treated sample than in the enzyme-not treated one.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.329-335
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• 1999

마늘을 MAE 방법과 CE 방법에 의하여 각각 물과 에탄올로 추출하고 추출조건에 따른 올레오레진 수율과 기능성을 비교하였다. 추출조건을 달리하였을 때 추출방법에 따른 올레오레진 함량의 차이는 거의 없었으나 최적 추출시간이 CE의 경우 2시간인 반면 MAE에서는 5분 내외로 추출시간이 크게 단축되었다. 전자공여작용은 물 추출의 경우 두 가지 추출방법에서 모두 64% 이었고 에탄올 추출의 경우는 CE 및 MAE에서 각각 63%와 51%로 모든 추출물에서 비슷한 수준을 보였다. 아질산염 소거작용은 모든 추출물에서 PH 증가하면서 감소하는 경향을 보였고 특히, pH 1.2의 경우 90% 이상의 높은 소거작용을 보였으며 추출방법에 의한 차이는 없었다. Tyrosinase 저해작용은 물 추출물의 경우 CE 및 MAE에서 각각 47% 및 60%이었으며 에탄올 추출물은 이와 비슷하거나 낮은 45%와 39%의 저해작용을 나타내었다. ACE 저해작용은 CE보다 MAE 추출물의 경우 더욱 강한 활성을 나타냈으나 효소와의 반응시간에 따른 뚜렷한 증가현상은 없었다. 또한 pyruvic acid 함량에서는 물 추출물의 경우 CE와 MAE 각각 마늘 1 g당 44.8 및 $36.0{\mu}moles$이었고 에탄올 추출물에서는 이보다 낮은 28.6과 $32.0{\mu}moles$을 나타내어 추출방법에 따른 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.291-297
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• 2000

마늘을 MAE방법에 의하여 물과 에탄올로 추출한 후 기능성과 갈변억제 효과를 비교하였다. 에탄올, 물 추출물의 수율은 5분 동안 추출한 경우 각각 12.9% 및 12.7%이었고 추출시간이 증가할수록 감소하였으며 비교적 낮은 값을 나타내었다. Polyphenol 함량은 5분 추출물이 각각 574.3mg% 및 569.0mg%로 가장 높았다. 에탄올과 물 추출물의 전자공여작용은 20분 추출물의 경우 각자 17.0% 및 20.7% 수준으로 가장 높은 효과를 나타내었다. 아질산염 소거작용은 pH 1.2일 때 5분 동안 추출한 추출물이 각각 98.9% 및 99.7%로 가장 높았으며 pH가 증가할수록 효과가 현저하게 감소하였다. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme 저해 효과는 물 추출물의 경우 5분 추출물이 83.1%로 가장 높은 것에 비해 에탄올 추출물은 87.1%로 20분 동안 추출 하였을 때 그 값이 제일 높았다. Tyrosinase 저해효과는 물 및 에탄올 추출물 모두 30%이하로 매우 낮은 효과를 나타내었으나 15분 에탄올 추출물은 60%이상의 값을 나타내었다. 이들 물과 에탄올 추출물에 대해 0.1% ascorbic acid, citric acid 및 cysteine으로 10일 동안 갈색 억제 효과를 측정한 결과 모든 처리구에 비해 0.1% cysteine이 가장 높은 갈변 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 0.1% ascorbic acid는 cysteine보다는 낮은 갈변 억제 효과를 보였으며 0.1% citric acid는 대조구와 비슷한 갈변화 진행을 나타내었다. 갈색화 억제 상승 효과는 0.1% cysteine과 ascorbic acid를 첨가한 실험구가 citric acid를 첨가한 실험구에 비해 효과적인 갈색화 억제를 나타내었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.876-881
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• 1999

양파를 conventional extraction(CE) 방법과, micro-wave-assisted extraction(MAE) 방법에 의하여 각각 물과 에탄올로 추출하고 추출조건에 따른 올레오레진 수율과 생리활성을 비교하였다. 추출 방법에 따른 올레오레진 함량의 차이는 거의 없었고 최적 추출시간은 CE의 경우 2시간인 반면 MAE에서는 5분 내외로 추출시간이 크게 단축되었다. 전자공여작용은 물 추출의 경우 CE 및 MAE 에서 각각 44% 및 50%이었고 에탄올 추출의 경우 각각 45% 및 51%로 추출방법에 의한 차이는 거의 없었다. 아질산염 소거작용은 모든 추출물에서 pH가 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였는데, 특히 pH 1.2에서는 모든 추출물에서 85% 이상의 높은 소거작용을 보였다. Tyrosinase 저해작용은 물 추출물의 경우 CE와MAE에서 모두 20% 수준이었고 에탄올 추출물도 40% 수준의 비교적 낮은 저해작용을 나타내었다. ACE 저해작용에서는 CE보다 MAE 추출물에서 더욱 강한 활성을 나타내어 CE 방법으로 추출했을 때는 60% 수준이었고 MAE 방법으로 추출했을 때는 70% 수준이 었다. 또한, 추출방법에 따른 피르브산 함량 변화에서도 물 추출물의 경우 CE와 MAE 각각 양파 1g당 6.8 및 $6.4\;{\mu}moles$이었고 에탄올 추출물에서는 이보다 낮은 4.3과 $5.6\;{\mu}moles$이었으며 추출방법에 따른 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2021

Panax species have gained numerous attentions because of their various biological effects on cardiovascular, kidney, reproductive diseases known for a long time. Recently, advanced analytical methods including thin layer chromatography, high-performance thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem ultraviolet, diode array detector, evaporative light scattering detector, and mass detector, two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, high speed counter-current chromatography, high speed centrifugal partition chromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, ambient ionization mass spectrometry, molecularly imprinted polymer, enzyme immunoassay, 1H-NMR, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to identify and evaluate chemical constituents in Panax species. Moreover, Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasonic extraction, solid phase extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, acceleration solvent extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion extraction, and pulsed electric field are discussed. In this review, a total of 219 articles published from 1980 to 2018 are investigated. Panax species including P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolius, sand P. ginseng in the raw and processed forms from different parts, geographical origins, and growing times are studied. Furthermore, the potential biomarkers are screened through the previous articles. It is expected that the review can provide a fundamental for further studies.