• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.387-393
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• 2012

In the present study, ${\beta}$-glucanase-assisted extraction of starch from glutinous barley(Hinchal ssalbory) was investigated. ${\beta}$-glucanase was added to a coarse starch suspension obtained after wet milling in the starch extraction process. It was found that in the isolated starch with enzyme treatment, protein content was lower by 0.03%, compared to that with non-enzyme treatment. More importantly it was observed that the extraction yield of starch from enzyme treatment was found to be about 12% higher than the one from non-enzyme treatment (enzyme treated: 90.56%, non-enzyme treated: 78.46%). In order to elucidate this finding, the mass-balance determination of starch in each extraction step was carried out and found that the enzyme treatment might influence on the insoluble residues(R3 and R4 fractions) to hydrolyze ${\beta}$-glucan and other materials (e.g., mucilages etc.), thereby facilitated the separation of starch from it and a next filtration process. With a phase-contrast microscope it was observed that the isolated starch with enzyme treatment contained small starch granules more than the one with non-enzyme treatment and this might result in higher extraction yield observed with the former. In order to confirm this hypothesis, further experiments would be necessary.

• ALGAE
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.343-350
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• 2011

Fermentation and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) improve nutritional and functional properties of foods by increasing the extraction of active compounds, ingestion rates, and body absorption. In this study, we investigated whether applying the EAE process improves the extraction and isolation efficiency of a polysaccharide from fermented Ecklonia cava (FE), which inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that the FE using the fungi Candida utilis and two different bacteria, namely Lactobacillus brevis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased protein and carbohydrate contents in comparison with those in non-fermented E. cava (NE). Aqueous extracts of fermented E. cava increased extraction yields and carbohydrate content, compared with the aqueous extract of NE. In addition, treating LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with aqueous extracts resulted in reduced NO production compared to that in LPS-treated cells. Ten EAEs of L. brevis-fermented E. cava (LFE) improved NO inhibitory effects in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells and the Viscozyme extract (VLFE) from the resulting extracts showed the highest NO inhibitory effect. We found that the >30 kDa fraction of VLFE led to markedly high inhibition of LPS-induced NO production as compared to that in the <30 kDa fraction. The crude polysaccharide isolated from >30 kDa fraction (VLFEP) consisted of fucose and markedly decreased NO production induced by LPS stimulation. VLFEP could be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent to suppress macrophage activation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.236-241
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• 2013

Pilocarpine is an imidazole alkaloid, found exclusively in the Pilocarpus genus, with huge pharmaceutical importance. In order to extract pilocarpine from Pilocarpus jaborandi, environmentally friendly enzyme-assisted extraction was applied. Viscozyme$^{(R)}$ L, a commercially available enzyme cocktail, was used for the study. The conditions for extraction were optimized on the basis of substrates, enzymes, temperatures and pHs. Optimum conditions for extraction with the highest yield were 30 h reaction of 100 mg substance at $45^{\circ}C$ in 40 ml of 50 mM acetic acid, pH 4. A 10% enzyme concentration was found to be the best for extraction. Total pilocarpine content after extraction was analyzed by HPLC. The total pilocarpine content ($1.14{\mu}g/mg$) obtained from Viscozyme$^{(R)}$ L treatment was 3.08-fold greater than those of the control treatment ($0.37{\mu}g/mg$).

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1761-1769
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• 2018

Enzyme-assisted extraction is a cost-effective, safe, and efficient method to obtain bioactives from plant materials. During this study, 10 different marine algae from Sri Lanka were individually extracted by using five commercial food-grade carbohydrases. The enzymatic and water extracts of the seaweeds were analyzed for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The highest DPPH, hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and intracellular $H_2O_2$ scavenging abilities were observed from the Celluclast extract of Sargassum polycystum (CSp). CSp exerted protective effects against oxidative stress-induced cell death in hydrogen peroxide-induced Chang cells and in model zebrafish. The Celluclast extract of Chnoospora minima (CCm) showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages ($IC_{50}=44.47{\mu}g/mL$) and in model zebrafish. CCm inhibited the levels of iNOS, COX-2, $PGE_2$, and TNF-${\alpha}$ in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Hence, CSp and CCm could be utilized in developing functional ingredients for foods, and cosmeceuticals.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 2002

The two stage laccase-assisted delignification process led to significant lignin removal in the non-pressurized treatments. It is clearly shown that an alkaline extraction prior to the second laccase treatment significantly increased the overall delignification by ∼15%. This is in line with the contention that the residual lignin has undergone structural changes during the alkaline extraction, and the resulting modified structures are susceptible to the laccase oxidation. In phenolic hydroxyl group, the pre- methylated sample was very responsive to the delignification process. The phenolic hydroxyl groups could be increased during side chain cleavage catalyzed by laccase. This finding demonstrates that the delignification oi etherified structures is an important reaction in the delignificaton by laccase.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.789-798
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• 2013

In the present study, optimization on ${\beta}$-glucanase-assisted extraction was made in order to isolate waxy barley starch from domestic cultivar using the D-optimal design suitable for response surface methodology (RSM). The results demonstrated that the amount of enzyme was found to be a major influencing factor on the extraction yield, which was substantially increased by increasing the amount of enzyme. It was also influenced by the reaction time and amount of water addition; however, the two factors were less influential than the amount of enzyme. The optimized condition by RSM for the reaction time was found to be 2.63 hours and amount of enzyme 1.7%, and amount of water addition 4.38 times the weight of raw material. With the enzyme treatment, the starch content in residues (R), particularly in R1 and R5, was reduced considerably, resulting in an increase in the extraction yield and therefore primarily and effectively releasing B-type starch small granule confirmed by scanning electronic microscopy. In addition, the study determined the physicochemical properties of isolated waxy starch (i.e., purity, water adsorption capacity, thermal properties, rheology and starch morphology) and compared them with those from the enzyme-not treated sample. It was found that they were almost similar to each other, except for the purity of starch, which was lower in the enzyme-treated sample than in the enzyme-not treated one.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.329-335
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• 1999

The yield of oleoresin content and functionality of fresh garlic were compared according to varying extraction conditions by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and conventional extraction (CE) methods. When different extracting conditions were applied, there was no significant difference of extraction methods in the oleoresin content. However, in the case of the CE, the optimum extraction time was two hours, while the other was about five minutes which meant that the extraction time was shortened drastically. The electron donating abilities showed a similar level which was 64% by both methods, using water. And, in the case of ethanol extraction, it resulted 63% and 51% by CE and MAE, respectively. The nitrite scavenging effect diminished while pH was increasing and especially, in the case of pH 1.2, it showed a high elimination effect of more than 90%. There was no difference of extraction methods. The tyrosinase inhibitory effect was 47% and 60% by CE and MAE, respectively in the case of the water extract. The ethanol extract showed similar or a slight lower inhibition of 45% and 39%. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory effect showed more powerful activity in the case of MAE extract than CE extract, but there was not an increase relating to reaction time of enzyme. Also, pyruvic acid content was $44.8\;and\;36.0{\mu}moles$ per one gram of a garlic by CE and MAE, respectively when water was used, and was $28.6\;and\;32.0{\mu}moles$ by CE and MAE when ethanol was used. Again, there was no big difference between CE and MAE methods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.291-297
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• 2000

Oleoresin was extracted from fresh garlic by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and its functionality and antibrowning effect were investigated at various extraction conditions. The yield and polyphenol contents of the garlic oleoresin were inversely related to extraction time. The highest yield was l2.9% and maximum polyphenol contents was 574.3 mg% when the oleoresin was extracted for 5 min with ethanol. Apparently, the electron donating abilities of garlic oleoresin increased with extraction time, but there were no significant differences among extraction time intervals. The highest nitrite scavenging effect was found at pH 1.2 and decreased as pH increased. Tyrosinase inhibitory effect was less than 30% for most garlic oleoresin but the 15 minute extraction with ethanol resulted in higher inhibitory effect. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory effect was highest (89.2%) when oleoresin extracted with ethanol for 20 min. The addition of cysteine, ascorbic acid and citric acid to oleoresin extracts retarded browning action of garlic oleoresin during 10 day storage. 0.1 % cysteine retarded browning reaction and some synergistic effect was found in the combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.876-881
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• 1999

Fresh onions were extracted by two methods of conventional extraction(CE) and microwave assisted extraction(MAE) under different extraction conditions. Onion extracts obtained by CE and MAE were examined in oleoresin yield and physiological activities. The optimal extraction time of MAE was about 5 minutes, whereas that of CE was 2 hours. Therefore extraction time was shortened drastically by MAE but there was no significance in oleolesin yield. The electron donating abilities also showed negligible difference between two extracts obtained by CE and MAE, and 45% level in CE and 50% level in MAE. The nitrite scavenging effect was diminished while pH was increasing, and showed a high elimination effect over 85% at pH 1.2. The tyrosinase inhibitory effect was 20% level in both CE and MAE when water was used and 40% level when ethyl alcohol was used. The angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory effect showed higher activity with 70% level in MAE than 60% level in CE. The pyruvic acid content was 6.8 and 6.4 moles per 1g of fresh onion by CE and MAE when water was used, and was 4.3 and 5.6 moles by CE and MAE when ethyl alcohol was used.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2021

Panax species have gained numerous attentions because of their various biological effects on cardiovascular, kidney, reproductive diseases known for a long time. Recently, advanced analytical methods including thin layer chromatography, high-performance thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem ultraviolet, diode array detector, evaporative light scattering detector, and mass detector, two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, high speed counter-current chromatography, high speed centrifugal partition chromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, ambient ionization mass spectrometry, molecularly imprinted polymer, enzyme immunoassay, 1H-NMR, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to identify and evaluate chemical constituents in Panax species. Moreover, Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasonic extraction, solid phase extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, acceleration solvent extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion extraction, and pulsed electric field are discussed. In this review, a total of 219 articles published from 1980 to 2018 are investigated. Panax species including P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolius, sand P. ginseng in the raw and processed forms from different parts, geographical origins, and growing times are studied. Furthermore, the potential biomarkers are screened through the previous articles. It is expected that the review can provide a fundamental for further studies.