• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.185-191
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• 2000

Sustainable development has been the key concept, both in economic policies and in environmental management since 1970s. In the view of systems ecology, sustainable resource use strategies are considered to be essential in achieving sustainable development. During the last three decades, the discipline of systems ecology has applied ecological energetic analysis to the evaluation of the contribution of natural environments to economic systems. ENERGY analysis of main energy flows driving the economy of humans and life support systems of a city was made including environmental energies, fuel, and inputs, all expressed as solar emjoules. Total EMERGY use of Pusan was 3.89 E22 sej/yr, about 90 percent of it was purchased sources from outside during eleven years from 1985 to 1995. EMERGY flows from the environment were less than 10 percent. EMERGY yield ratio and environmental loading ratio were 1.10 and 10.45, respectively. EMERGY sustainability index is there(ore less than one, which is indicative of highly developed consumer oriented economies. Development of a city has been achieved in the short run by the economic growth, but it can be sustained in the long run by the use of renewable resource systems.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2004년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.274-281
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• 2004

In this paper, the existing Stokoe type torsional shear equipment is modified to saturate the specimen and measure excess pore water pressure during undrained testing. Two types of sands, Geumgang and Toyoura sands, were collected and TS tests were performed at various densities drainage conditions, and confining pressures. The cyclic threshold shearing strains were estimated based on the variations of shear modulus, material damping ratio and pore pressures with loading cycles. The effects of relative density, confining pressure, and drainage condition on the cyclic threshold shearing strains were investigated.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate anoxic-RBC-anoxic-RBC process and its application to remove biologically organics and nitrogen. BOD and total-nitrogen(T-N) removal efficiencies were decreased as volumetric loading rate increased. But, the removal efficiency changes of T-N were little, as compared to BOD. Increase of internal recycle rate had few affect of BOD and T-N removal rates. Also, influent allocation(to 2nd anoxic reactor) had few affect of BOD removal efficiency rate. However, when the influent allocation rate was 30%, T-N removal efficiency was increased to 84.1 %. BOD/N ratio applied to 2nd anoxic reactor was increased to range of 3.65-4.37 as influent allocation rate increased to range 20∼35%. But, it might also cause adverse effect such as decrease of denitrification rate in excessive influent allocation rate.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2003

This study was carried out to obtain the operating characteristics of SMMIAR process for biological nitrogenㆍphosphorus removal. SMMIAR was operated at HLR(Hydraulic loading rate) of 39.6, 52.8, 63.4 and 79.2 $\ell$/$m^2$/d respectively and the operating parameters such as intermittent aeration time ratio of aerobic/anoxic, DO and microorganism concentration were changed to confirm the optimum operating condition. The concentrations of the wastewater BOD, TN(Total nitrogen) and TP(Total phosphorus) were 150, 30 and 7.5mg/$\ell$ respectively. Achieving better removal efficiencies of BOD, TN and TP up to 90, 85.4 and 95.4% respectively, we must keep in operation condition of SMMIAR by 0.75 of time ratio of aerobic/anoxic and by minimum 45 minutes of oxic period simultaneously.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.191-196
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• 2013

In this study, the mixture ratio included 20% (GLY 20), 40% (GLY 40), and 60% (GLY 60) based on VS with the control group (GLY 0) with no crude glycerin added. Maintaining stable pH, GLY 20 and GLY 0 showed the highest total output of biogas (1.24 L/L/d) and methane(0.78 L/L/d) as its volatile solids reduction rate was 53.56%. In case of GLY 40 and GLY 60, their pH was rapidly reduced after seven days of the study, so that their anaerobic digestion was all stopped.In the results of the study, it is desirable to add crude glycerin less than 20%, and it would be necessary to have the future researches on more detailed organic loading rate of each ratio, and analysis on economic feasibility.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 도시하수를 이용하여 two-sludge 시스템방식의 SBR3 공정의 질소제거 효율 향상능을 평가하기 위해 기존 재래식 SBR 공정(SBR1) 및 분할주입(step-feeding)을 통해 탈질효율 향상을 도모한 SBR2 공정과의 비교 연구를 수행하였다. 도시하수를 대상으로 한 연구결과 two-sludge 시스템 방식으로 질산화 반응이 별도의 반응조에서 진행되며(external nitrification), 질산화된 질산염은 생흡착된 유기물을 이용하여 효과적으로 탈질되는 SBR3 공정이 SBR1 및 SBR2 반응조에 비해 T-N 제거효율면에서 우수함이 관찰되었다. SBR3 공정과 SBR1 및 SBR2 공정의 T-N 제거효율 차이는 낮은 C/N 비에서 더 크게 관찰되었으며 이는 생흡착 기작을 이용하는 SBR3 공정이 SBR1 및 SBR2 공정에 비해 탈질시 유기물 이용을 효율적으로 함을 의미한다. SBR3 공정은 T-N 유입 부하율에 따른 T-N 제거효율 관계에서도 SBR1 및 SBR2 공정에 비해 성능이 우수함을 관찰할 수 있었다. SBR3 공정이 SBR1 및 SBR2 공정에 비해 높은 T-N 부하율에서도 질소제거효율이 높은 원인은 SBR3 공정이 two-sludge 시스템 방식으로 운영됨에 따라 질화박테리아가 독립된 반응조에서 질산화를 수행하므로(external nitrification) 질산화 반응시 소요되는 수리학적 체류시간을 단축시킬 수 있기 때문이다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.669-678
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• 1994

침지여상에 폐수를 부하하여 간접포기 강제순환 방식으로 처리하는 system에 대하여 그 유기물 제거 특성을 실험적으로 연구했다. 실험은 침지여상에 네트링(random형(型) plastic media), 입체철망(module형(型) plastic media) 및 잔자갈의 특성이 다른 세가지 media를 충전하고, pH, 수온(水溫)을 고정한 상태에서 $BOD_5$ 용적부하와 순화비를 변동하여 실시하므로서 여재(media) 종류가 $BOD_5$ 제거효율에 미치는 특성을 규명했다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2008

다공성 담체에 형성된 미생물을 이용한 질소화합물 제거를 위하여 질산화와 탈질의 연계처리에 의한 연구를 수행하였다. $NH_4-N$의 질산화 및 황담체를 전자공여체로 제공하여 독립영양 탈질이 유도되도록 실험을 수행한 결과 다음과 같은 결론이 도출되었다. 유입 농도 및 HRT의 변화에 따라 미생물에 대한 $NH_4-N$의 부하량 ($F/M_N$비)이 $0.0062{\sim}0.034gNH_4-N/g\;MLVSS{\cdot}day$의 범위에서 증가할 경우 부하량 증가에 따른 질산화 율은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 같은 범위의 $F/M_N$비(유입부하)일 경우 HRT 6시간보다 8시간으로 운전하였을 때가 알칼리도 소모량이 더 높게 나타났다. 따라서 유입 $NH_4-N$ 농도가 높아짐에 따라 증가된 유입부하가 질산화 효율 증가에 미치는 영향보다는 같은 $F/M_N$비(유입부하)일 때 유입유량 변화로 인한 체류시간이 증가할수록 더 질산화의 효율 향상에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. EBCT의 변화에 따른 탈질효율은 8.4hr 이상으로 유지될 때는 평균 25% 이상으로 나타났으나 4.6hr으로 줄어들 때는 평균 5%로 크게 감소함으로써 EBCT는 최소한 8.4hr 이상을 유지하는 것이 더 효율적임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 탈질효율은 $NO_3-N$의 황담체 단위체적 당 유입부하가 $0.5{\sim}2.0kg\;NO_3-N/m^3{\cdot}day$의 범위에서 낮아질수록 반비례하여 증가함을 알 수 있었다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the created liquid post-acid fermentation of usability of denitrification as exterior carbon sources by pH control. The time of acid fermentation of food waste, the slower loading capacity of organic matter, the faster decomposition rate, but the density of generation Volatile Fermentation Acids(VFAs), was weak and, $SBOD_{5}$ : ST-N rate and $SBOD_{5}/SCOD_{Cr}$ rate was low. Between TS and VS, VS was decreased to 4.5th day fast, and then was decreased slowly. 1.5 days after stating the experiments, $SCOD_{Cr}$, $SBOD_{5}$, STOC and $VFA_{s}$ was decreased of increased slowly, and then increased fast. And after showing the highest density, it was tended to decreased fast. At the time of $SBOD_{5}$ with the highest density, at $SBOD_{5}$ : ST-N ratio, $R_1$ was 303:1, $R_2$ was 319:1, $R_3$was the highest. After studying $SBOD_{5}$ : ST-N ratio and $SBOD_{5}/SCOD_{Cr}$ ratio, as a carbon source of biological denitrification it was profitable composition ratio.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.85-90
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to investigate biodegradation of TPA(terephthalic acid) and EG (ethylene glycol), treatment efficiency of polyester weight loss wastewater and microbial characteristics by aerated submerged biolfilm(ASB) p.rocess. In a batch reactor, pH increased from 7.0 to 8. 5 in the biodegradation of TPA. Whereas, in case of EG, decreased from 7.0 to 5.2. COD concentration rapidly decreased within 24hr in the biodegradation of TPA and EG. COD removal velocity constant(k) were 0.065-0.088 hr$^{-1}$. The biodegradation velocity of TPA was 1.4 times faster than that of EG. The ratio of suspended biomass to the total biomass in the reactor was 18.3-33.3%, increased as a high ratio of EG content. Biofilm thickness, biofilm dry density and attached biomass were 346-432 $\mu$m, 41.8-61.9 mg/cm$^3$, 1.45-2.67 mg/cm$^2$, respectively. There values increased as a high ratio of TPA content. In the hydraulic retention time of 36 hr, organic loading rate of 4 kgCOD/m$^3\cdot$ day and packing ratio of 70%, the effluent concentrations of TCOD, SCOD in a continuous flow reator were 1,388 mg/l, 147 mg/l and removal efficiencies were 77%, 97.6%, respectively.