• 한국실내디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국실내디자인학회 2007년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.183-186
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• 2007

In modern society, sense of crisis from environmental destruction caused by rapid industrial development, economic growth and improvement of educational level and medicine made environmental preservation and comfortable residential environment a necessary and sufficient condition. Since government conducted 'green building rating system' from 2002, application of pro-environmental elements has been extended. But the concept of substantial pro-environmental housing remains the stage of complex planning yet and application of system to interior space which has the most direct influence on actual dwellers is very poor.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.12-26
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to develop a water environmental education (EE) program using streams, based on the core ideas of ENVISION and materializing elements that were extracted in this research. This research realized the elements and presented a model of the water EE program using a local stream. First, this research developed a basic model of a water EE program using streams by extracting 10 materializing elements and realizing the elements in 4 stage-procedural model. The 10 materializing elements were 1. experiencing the process of inquiry, 2. inquiring local environments, 3. self-directing learning and mutual interaction with colleagues, 4. collecting real data and interpreting, 5. utilizing the ICT(information and communication technology), 6. inquiring with the view point of the 'Environmental Studies for EE', 7. inquiring with the watershed concept, 8. inquiring with the integrating and the holistic view point, 9. pursuing the macroscopic understanding about environment, and 10. connecting the real world phenomena with the environmental concepts and theories. This research materialized these 10 elements in 4 stage model, following the previous ENVISION research, which are 1. preparing stage and visual assessment, 2. writing the report of the inquiry plan, 3. collecting the real data in the environment and performing the investigation, and 4. presenting the inquiry results. Second, with using this basic model, this research developed and presented a model of the specific water EE program using a case stream called 'Baig Cheon' stream, which is a local stream. This research is considered to have a considerable meaning in developing a EE program with ENVISION ideas for the watershed concept and inquiry with environmental science using local streams. The developed model can help the professional development of teachers and teacher education of water EE.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.595-610
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• 2002

This paper presents an efficiency of various non-conforming (NC) modes in development of a series of new finite elements with the special emphasis on 4-node quadrilateral elements. The NC modes have been used as a key scheme to improve the behaviors of various types of new finite elements, i.e., Mindlin plate bending elements, membrane elements with drilling degrees of freedom, flat shell elements. The NC modes are classified into three groups according to the 'correction constants' of 'Direct Modification Method'. The first group is 'basic NC modes', which have been widely used by a number of researchers in the finite element communities. The basic NC modes are effective to improve the behaviors of regular shaped elements. The second group is 'hierarchical NC modes' which improve the behaviors of distorted elements effectively. The last group is 'higher order NC modes' which improve the behaviors of plate-bending elements. When the basic NC modes are combined with hierarchical or higher order NC modes, the elements become insensitive to mesh distortions. When the membrane component of a flat shell has 'hierarchical NC modes', the membrane locking can be suppressed. A number of numerical tests are carried out to show the positive effect of aforementioned various NC modes incorporated into various types of finite elements.

• 한국게임학회 논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2020

본 논문은 어드벤처 게임에서 플레이이벤트별 게임공간의 시각적 환경요소를 분석하였다. 대표적인 어드벤처 게임 10종에서 공통 플레이이벤트 6종을 추출하고, 공간구조 3유형과 오브젝트 4유형을 분석기준으로 설정하였다. 이를 바탕으로 직접플레이 및 모니터링을 수행하여 시각적 환경요소의 특징을 구체화 하였다. 그 결과, 플레이이벤트에서 의도하는 스토리와 유도하는 게임플레이는 시각적 환경요소와 밀접한 연관성이 있음을 확인하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.479-492
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• 2003

Non-conforming membrane elements which have variable number of mid-side nodes with drilling degrees of freedom and which is designated as NMDx have been presented in this paper. The non-conforming elements with variable number of mid-side nodes can be efficiently used in the local mesh refinement for the in-plane structures. To guarantee the developed elements always pass the patch test, the direct modification method is incorporated into the element formulation. Detailed numerical tests in this study show the validity of the variable node NC elements developed in this study and a wide applicability of these elements to practical problems.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.479-487
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• 2007

[ $PM_{2.5}$ ], particulate matter less than 2.5 um in a diameter, can penetrate deeply into the lungs. Exposure to $PM_{2.5}$ has been associated with increased hospital visits for respiratory aliments as well as increase mortality. $PM_{2.5}$ is a byproduct of combustion processes and as such has a complex composition including a variety of metallic elements, inorganic and organic compounds as well as biogenic materials (microorganisms, proteins, etc). In this study, the average concentrations of fine particulates $PM_{2.5}$ have been measured simultaneously in Asan and Seoul, Korea, by using particulate matter portable sampler from September 2001 to August 2002. Sample collection filters were analyzed by ICP-OES to determine the concentrations of metallic elements (As, Ni, Fe, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Si). Annual mean $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in Asan and Seoul were 37.70 and $45.83\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The highest concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were found in spring season in both cities and the concentrations of measured metallic elements except As in Asan were higher than those in Seoul, suggesting that yellow dust in spring could affect $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in Asan rather than Seoul. The correlation coefficients of Pb and Zn were 0.343 for Asan and 0.813 for Seoul during non-yellow dust condition, suggesting that Pb and Zn were influenced with the same sources. The correlation coefficients between Si and Fe in the fine particulate mode were 0.999 (Asan) and 0.998 (Seoul) during yellow dust condition. It was suggested that these two elements were impacted by soil-related transport from China during the yellow dust storm condition.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.471-485
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• 2018

The Republic of Korea (ROK) has made many efforts to reduce greenhouse gases through a legal framework, making obligations to reach domestic and overseas targets via the Paris Convention in 2015. China recently launched a nation-wide emission trading system (ETS) and has considered extending this ETS to include the ROK. This study examines the possibility of linking the ETS between ROK and China by considering the institutional design elements of the ETS. Additionally, this study provides policy implications to reach Korea's overseas reduction target. For the research methodology, the design elements of both the ROK and China policies were analyzed by categorizing their standard design elements based on the International Carbon Action Partnership. This paper focuses on four main barriers (cap type, borrowing, offset and price ceiling) based on their environmental benefits and analyzes the challenges to combining the design elements between the ROK and China systems. The two ETS commonly share the same cap types, and there is similar institutional progress regarding the offset and price ceiling. In addition to this, note that China has a borrowing system that is opposite to the borrowing system in ROK. According to these findings, there are major challenges to linking the ROK and China systems due to differences in the major design elements. Thus, it is necessary to modify the Korean domestic borrowing system and understand the Chinese institutional processes related to environmental negotiation to achieve further cooperation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.777-784
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• 2015

This study investigates weekday/weekend characteristics of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration and metallic elements in Busan in the springtime of 2013. $PM_{10}$ concentration on weekday/weekend were 77.54 and $67.28{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. And $PM_{2.5}$ concentration on weekday/weekend were 57.81 and $43.83{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Also, $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ concentration ratio on weekdays/weekend was 0.75 and 0.65, respectively. The contribution rates of Na to total metallic elements in $PM_{10}$ on weekday/weekend were 38.3% and 38.9%, respectively. It would be useful in control effectively with management of urban fine particle to understand characteristics of fine particle concentration on weekday/weekend.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.255-272
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• 1995

The paper considers aspects of the energy dissipation response of selected realistic forms of torsionally balanced and torsionally unbalanced building systems, responding to an ensemble of strong-motion earthquake records. Focus is placed on the proportion of the input seismic energy which is dissipated hysteretically, and the distribution of this energy amongst the various lateral load-resisting structural elements. Systems considered comprise those in which torsional effects are discounted in the design, and systems designed for torsion by typical code-defined procedures as incorporated in the New Zealand seismic standard. It is concluded that torsional response has a fundamentally significant influence on the energy dissipation demand of the critical edge elements, and that therefore the allocation of appropriate levels of yielding strength to these elements is a paramount design consideration. Finally, it is suggested that energy-based response parameters be developed in order to assist evaluations of the effectiveness of code torsional provisions in controlling damage to key structural elements in severe earthquakes.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.331-352
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• 2021

The relationship of both heavy metals and major elements in soil, plants, and groundwater was studied in a hyper-arid area and depends completely on the groundwater to cover its all needs. The study reviles that 27.3% of the studied groundwater was strongly acidic and has very low pH values (