• Mycobiology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.326-344
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• 2022

The fungal-like family Saprolegniaceae (Oomycota), also called "water mold," includes mostly aquatic saprophytes as well as notorious aquatic animal pathogens. Most studies on Saprolegniaceae have been biased toward pathogenic species that are important to aquaculture rather than saprotrophic species, despite the latter's crucial roles in carbon cycling of freshwater ecosystems. Few attempts have been made to study the diversity and ecology of Saprolegniaceae; thus, their ecological role is not well-known. During a survey of oomycetes between 2016 and 2021, we investigated the diversity and distribution of culturable Saprolegniaceae species in freshwater ecosystems of Korea. In the present study, members of Saprolegniaceae were isolated and identified at species level based on their cultural, morphological, and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Furthermore, substrate preference and seasonal dynamics for each were examined. Most of the species were previously reported as animal pathogens; however, in the present study, they were often isolated from other freshwater substrates, such as plant debris, algae, water, and soil sediment. The relative abundance of Saprolegniaceae was higher in the cold to cool season than that in the warm to hot season of Korea. This study enhances our understanding of the diversity and ecological attributes of Saprolegniaceae in freshwater ecosystems.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2002

Quality attributes of apple are greatly affected by the cooling rate and environmental conditions during storage. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of cooling rate on different quality attributes of apple. The effect of $O_2$ pulldown rate of the CA chamber on the quality of apple was also determined. Two methods were used viz. conventional CA procedure and rapid CA procedure. Apples stored by medium and slow cooling methods lost its flesh firmness significantly from an initial level of 4.55 kg to 2.83 kg and 2.27 kg, respectively on 35 days after storage whereas, in rapid cooling, the firmness level changed from 4.55 kg to 3.20 kg on 35 days after storage. At the end of 35 days of storage, titratable acidity decreased insignificantly from an initial value of 0.24l% to 0.239% in the case of rapid CA whereas in the case of conventional CA it dropped significantly to 0.215% from its initial level. The initial flesh firmness of 4.55 kg also changed significantly to 4.05 kg on 35 days after storage in conventional CA whereas in rapid CA it changed to 4.36 kg, which was found to be non-significant at 5% level of significance. Total soluble solids increased from an initial level of $12.43^{\circ}$Bx to $12.60^{\circ}C.$ Bx on 35 days after storage in rapid CA whereas it increased to $13.07^{\circ}$ Bx in conventional CA. Ascorbic acid content of apple juice decreased insignificantly from 6.67 mg/100 mL to 5.87 mg/100 mL on 35 days after storage in rapid CA whereas in conventional CA, it decreased significantly to 5.27 mg/100 mL from its initial level.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.3-10
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• 2012

Social network game induces to continue participation among the players through asynchronous connection mode. This characteristic of SNG that is required active social connectedness and that is the main purpose of SNG. The player's behavior attributes related with social connectedness can be divided by the environmental conception. In this paper, the player's behavior is divided into two types : Social Connectedness(SC) and Non-Social Connectedness(NC). Each type is categorized in specific actions of players that is explored. Also, experimental data collected from player's playing-game is analyzed in the comparison of each behavior and the relation of playfulness. Those results have suggested the scope for designing a appliable model on SNG development and represented the guideline to verify speedy the massive player's behavior through simplifying the player's behavior derived in SNG play experiences.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 2007

This study was designed to : (a) investigate the present situations of a college union foodservice and suggest authority on establishing new college foodservice, (b) estimate the service quality attributes as perceived by students, (c) identify the effecting factor to customer satisfaction, and (d) formulate the plans and marketing strategies for the increasing usage rate of the foodservice in the future. The questionnaire that developed by interviewing student were conducted with 305 male and female students, who were registered for daytime classes. A total of 284 were usable and data was analyzed by the SPSS(ver. 11.0) for the descriptive analysis, factor analysis, reliability test, multiple regression analysis, t-test, and $x^2$. The decrease in the usage rate of college foodservice by the respondents were influenced most by the 'taste of meal' and next by the 'distance'. The service quality attributes of foodservice currently under operation were evaluated above the average only for the 'price' while evaluated generally to be in the lower level of the average or under for others. As the overall level of satisfaction with the college union foodservice, most of the respondents showed the 36% for the ‘dissatisfaction’ and dissatisfied at 54.4%. Two service quality dimensions,"food . sanitation . service" and "price and comfortable environment" were derived from factor analysis and the reasons for decreasing usage rate of the college foodservice both the nearly located group from college union foodservice(NG) and the far away located group from college union foodservie(FG) indicated the ‘poor taste’ and the 'far distance', and the 'evaluation of students' dining room showed a low rating for the factor of "food . sanitation . service". "food . sanitation . service" was analyzed to have more influence to the overall customer satisfaction.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1837-1844
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• 2014

The study of safety culture estimate has received a wide attentions in many other industries, rather in the contexture of railroad stands at an initial phase. A factor analysis and internal reliability test were conducted to check if the survey results are reliable by looking at how the factors are dimensioned and how the questionnaires are sub-grouped in accordance with such factors, and further if there are any other common attributes being extracted as a new factor. The designed 5 factors were expanded to 7 through the test, and they were renamed accordingly. The questionnaires are reorganized according to the new 7 factors. It implicates that thorough investigation of the common attributes is important in reducing the gaps between interviewers' and interviewees' understanding. Moreover, the results of internal reliability test represent the new design of questionnaire is reasonably acceptable with the high reliable values. We expect such approaches can be applied for the railway culture survey study to be more reliable and applicable.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the perception of nutrition teachers about emergency meals in all schools affiliated with the Seoul Office of Education. The purpose of this study was to suggest the need for emergency meals and provide directions for future development, thereby assisting meal service sites. An online survey was conducted from May 26 to 31, 2021, analyzing 130 collected samples. The summary of the results is as follows: First, the nutrition teachers recognized the need for school meal services for the prevention of the spread of infectious diseases and considered the variance among school meal consumers. Also, they generally thought of emergency meals due to the need for social distancing and the decrease in the distribution of food. Secondly, in terms of the differences in the perception about emergency meals, nutrition teachers (45.4%) who have provided emergency meals (t=2.584, P<0.05) were more aware of the need for emergency meals than nutrition teachers (54.6%) who had not provided emergency meals. Nutrition teachers conceived emergency meals to minimize the contact between people (45.6%) and to rectify the imbalance in nutrition (37.5). Next, emergency meal attributes were observed to be ranked in the order of convenience (3.49), safety (3.15), and satisfaction (2.88). Fourthly, although there were no meaningful differences in emergency meal attributes, there were statistically significant differences in the safety of the cooking process, menu familiarity, the low unit price compared to regular meals and the excellent satisfaction with nutrition provided (t=2.603, P<0.05), (t=2.039, P<0.05), (t=2.154, P<0.05), (t=2.477, P<0.05) respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 2011

One of the most important habitats of Waterbirds in the west coast of Korea is Saemangeum and its mudflat, located within the estuary of the Dongji and Mankyung River. This study was conducted to clarify the community characteristics of wintering waterbirds in Saemangeum from November 2008 to February 2009. Waterbirds and Raptor are 69 species and 409,044 individuals by the sum of peak counts were recorded. We classified the wintering waterbirds into 14 groups of taxa based on the similar ecological attributes. The dominant species were Baikal Teal Anas formosa, Mallard Anas platyrhynchos, Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons, Greater Scaup Aythya marila. Greater White-fronted Goose was significantly positive correlated with survey period. Baikal Teal, Greater White-fronted Goose, Bean Goose, Greater Scaup, Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna were increased when compared with last report but Mallard, Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha, Dunlin Calidris alpina were no difference.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.590-593
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• 2006

Timber inventory management includes to measure and update forest attributes, which is crucial information for private companies and public organizations in property assessment and environment monitoring. Field measurement would be accurate, but time-consuming and inefficient. For the reason, remote sensing technology has been an alternative to field measurement from an economic perspective. Among several sensors, LiDAR and Radar interferometry are known for their efficiency for forest monitoring because they are less influenced by weather and light conditions, and provide reasonably accurate vertical/horizontal measurement for a large area in a short period. For example, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and National Elevation Dataset (NED) in the U.S. can provide tree height information and DSM. On the other hand, LiDAR DSM (the first return) and DEM (the last return) can also present tree height estimation. With respect to project site of loblolly pine plantation in Louisiana in the U.S., the accuracy of SRTM C-Band approach estimating tree height was assessed by the LiDAR approaches. In addition, SRTM X-Band and NED were also compared with the results. Plantation year in inventory GIS, which is directly related to forest age, is high correlated with the difference between SRTM C-Band and NED. As a byproduct, several stands of age mismatch could be recognized using an outlier detection algorithm, and optical satellite image (ETM+) were used to verify the mismatch. The findings of this study were (1) the confirmation of usefulness of the SRTM DSM for forest monitoring and (2) Multi-sensors- Radar, LiDAR, ETM+, MODIS can be used for accuracy improvement of forest inventory GIS altogether.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2017

Industry Foundation Classes(IFC) is the core product schema for ensuring the interoperability of information in Building Information Modeling(BIM) environment. However, since current IFC is mainly focused on building structure. there are limitations in the generation of functional information of components when applied to civil infrastructures. Previous studies have proposed IFC-based new entities for the civil infrastructures, it takes long time to support them in BIM authoring software packages. In this study, we proposed practical rules to apply IFC-based information modeling using BIM authoring software and additional new entities for the civil infrastructure through attributes and information mapping. The availabilities of proposed method were examined using the rail and sleeper information models based on an extended IFC data schema for the railway infrastructures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.33-43
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• 2007

The revised Urban Park regulations newly adopt Theme Parks in order to enhance richness and diversities of urban services to communities. However, the regulations ambiguously define the main facilities and service programs of the theme parks. And there have been increasing concerns about confusions in terms of the main facilities and service programs of the theme parks among landscape designers/planners, local governments and relevant field of areas. Misunderstanding on the facilities and service programs of the theme parks may lead to ruin the purposes of the new urban park regulations. In the lights of these, this paper tries to reach a consensus for main facilities and service programs of two theme parks including athletic park and waterfront park, based on measured potential users' preferences with a conjoint choice model. For waterfront parks, potential users show low preferences or negative responses to facilities which are perceived as un-environment friendly. They also show high preferences on ecological areas sitting near to streams. For athletic parks, potential users show demand to introduce something different facilities and atmosphere from existing athletic parks. The demands are particularly high for children's play ground facilities and service facilities. This study also show some methodological examples to compute the carrying capacity with two hypothetical alternatives. This approach might be beneficial for local governments which are wish to alternate the park size on the basis of local conditions such as their financial conditions and land availability.