• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.147-165
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• 2008

Since 2000, e-commerce has been increased continuously in its quantity and quality. The growth of e-commerce has resulted in some diversities of distribution channels, and its characteristics of not-spot trading and limited market scale has urged the on-line market to play a role of assistance to off-line market. e-Commerce causes not only the flow of forward logistics, but also that of reverse logistics with every purchasing, which is a very critical factor to hesitate for consumers to purchase the products as well as increase the price of the products. Concern about the reverse logistics by sellers and buyers influences the level of price and purchasing activity of consumers. This study firstly is to lift the awareness of the efficient control of reverse logistics with reviewing the recent change of logistics environment and phenomena of reverse logistics. Secondly we find the factors generating the reverse logistics and look into its questions, and thirdly offer not only the ways to minimize the phenomena of reverse logistics, but also a efficient control system for reverse logistics. We additionally aim to contribute to prevent the price of the products from rising and raise the customers' satisfaction through minimizing the phase of reverse logistics.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.43-55
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to find out the professionalism of secondary school teachers in teaching environmental subjects. This research was conducted using a questionnaire survey of 431 secondary school teachers from 34 schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. A 5-point Likert scale self-evaluation questionnaire on their professionalism in environmental education was developed based on Hungerford et al.'s (1994) evaluation criteria. Two middle school teachers' classes were observed, and video taping and interviewing were also conducted. The survey analysis revealed that teachers evaluated their professionalism on environmental subjects to be a little above the middle of the scale. The mean values were 2.80 for the foundation level; 2.86 for the conceptual awareness level; 2.84 for the investigation level; 2.94 for the environmental action skills level; and 2.84 for the educational application level. However, class observations revealed that there was some gap between their self-evaluation of professionalism and their actual classroom application. Both classes were not that satisfactory with regard to 'the abilities to communicate and apply ecological concepts', 'the ability to clarify the roles of different value systems for environmental issues and personal values in decision making', 'the ability to clarify their own value system regarding solutions to environmental issues', and 'the ability to apply citizen action skills for solving environmental issues and for sustainable development'. The results provide a basic reference for the improvement of environmental-related education.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.405-434
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• 2005

This study has been performed to analyze the experience of parents who had led a parents-group of children with cancer. For this study, fifteen participants were selected for an in-depth interview and the personal experiences of each participant had been interviewed in person until data were saturated. This study employed the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin(1998). With the qualitative constant comparative analysis, ninty four concepts, twenty six subcategories, and seventeen categories were generated. In the axial coding, a paradigm model was proposed as follows: The central phenomenon of the leaders' experiences was that they had been 'Pushed Back' to lead the groups. The causal conditions were 'A Sense of Solidarity', 'Regaining Self-possession', and 'Feeling a Necessity of Parents Group'. The contextual conditions were 'Want to Help', 'A Sense of Mission', and 'Discontent with the Cure Environment'. The intervening conditions were 'Self-reflection of Leadership', 'Reaction of Their Own Family', 'Hope to Have an Expanded Group'. The action/interaction strategies were 'Assuming All Field Work', 'Accumulation of Experiences', 'Recognition of a Role Scope'. The consequences were 'Being Comforted', 'Positive Self-awareness', 'a Sense of Worthiness', and 'Desire to Quit'. In the selective coding, the core category was 'Pushed to Lead a Group'. Based on the core category, four types and five stages in the leaders' experiences were identified. The types include 'a Devoted Family Type', 'a Volunteer Type', 'a Role Model Type', and 'a Activist Type': the stages consist of 'Stage of Maintain Identity as a parent of a child with cancer', 'Stage of Questioning', 'Stage of Active Participation', 'Stage of Experience Accumulation', and 'Stage of Progressive Change'. The result of this study presents some implications and suggestions for social work services and theories with respect to the self-help group of pediatric cancer by attempting to understand more about the experiences of leaders' in such groups.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.149-170
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• 2012

The United Nations Climate Change Conference, Durban 2011, ended on December 12, 2011, 36 hours over its schedule, delivering the Durban Package, which consisted of, inter alia, the extension of the period for Kyoto Protocol term and the launch of Ad-hoc working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. Despite the positive progress made in Durban, the future of post-2012 climate regime still seems cloudy. Before the Durban conference, some of Annex I countries with emissions reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period openly declared their intention not to participate in the second one, reducing the effectiveness of Durban agreement. Parties to the conference have a long list of difficult issues disturbing the materialization of the new legal agreement in 2020 such as level of mitigation targets of individual countries and legal nature of their commitment. Given this uncertainty, the Korean government should reinforce its domestic climate policies rather than settling in the fact that it remains as a non-Annex I county party under the Durban Agreement due to the extension of the Kyoto Protocol period. Domestically, it needs to continue to raise the public awareness for rigorous climate policies to transit its economy to low carbon pathway which reduces the country's dependency on fossil fuel in the long term. It is also important to implement cost effective climate policies to cope with domestic resistance and international competitiveness. Internationally, its priority would be working for trust-building in the on-going negotiation meetings to encourage meaningful participation of all parties.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.334-345
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to find out inservice teachers' teaching skills and relevant educational settings that could be applied to an instruction of problem-based learning (PBL). Participants have been instructed PBL teacher training programs and applied PBL into teaching and learning process. Three elementary teachers were selected to participate in the study, and data were collected with semi-structured interviews. The interviews of the teachers in relation to PBL were analyzed by two main topics: (1) the teachers' teaching skills required in PBL and (2) the educational settings in implementing PBL. The results are as follows: First, there is a difficulty involved in the implementation of PBL in that its preparation and teaching process are different from the traditional teaching methodology. However, as a helper who guides the students to self-directed learning in the free and permissible learning environment in which students are motivated to develop their potential effectively, the teachers are to invest their time consistently and to put their efforts into making an effective class in the entire process of PBL. Second, as a method to apply the problem-based learning to the education settings, the teachers must spread the awareness of PBL to fellow teachers, students, their parents and the administrators in education and form the community of the teachers. Most importantly, when the teachers apply PBL in the directly, from the joy of witnessing the changes in the students, they will choose to adopt PBL.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.45-53
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• 2015

Purpose - Online shopping enables consumers to conveniently purchase products irrespective of the time and place. As a result, several online shopping companies have emerged to cater to this growing market and, therefore, the competition among them has become increasingly intense. This paper evaluates the comparative efficiency of online shopping companies for a multi-year period (2009-2013), in order to help online shopping managers identify major drivers for enhancing management efficiency and the subsequent competitiveness. Research design, data, and methodology - The researchers collected the data from 2009 to 2013 from the distribution yearbook. This paper analyzes the marketability (sales figures), profitability (business profits), and management conditions (net profits) of domestic online shopping enterprises by incorporating information on human resources (number of employees) and material resources (total assets and capital). Therefore, the number of employees, total assets, and capital are selected as input variables, and sales figures, business profits, and net profits as the output variables. In this study, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to measure the comparative efficiency of domestic online shopping companies. In addition, the Malmquist Productivity Index was used to evaluate the trend of change of Decision Making Units' (DMUs') efficiency for a multi-year period. Results - First, as of 2013, Interpark (2.415) was found to be the most efficient online shopping enterprise, followed by Aladdin Communications (2.117), Hyundai Home shopping (1.867), Home&Shopping (1.176), NS Home shopping (1.170), Commerce Planet (1.126), CJ O Shopping (1.105), Ebay Korea (1.088), and GS Home Shopping (1.051). Second, this study recognizes how the management efficiency has changed for the period 2009-2013. Third, the lesser the capital and employees, the more are the net profits, and the better is the management efficiency of domestic online shopping companies. Lastly, the productivity of such companies is influenced by endogenous factors rather than exogenous factors such as shifts in business environment and technological advances. Conclusions - DHC Korea influenced various distribution channels to reach customers through the Internet. Consequently, this helped in increasing the awareness about its products, in addition to an increase in sales. These achievements can be attributed to the characteristics of online shopping companies. Although it is easy for these companies to suggest goods for one-off purchases, they however have difficulties in retaining customers. Overcoming this challenge can be one of the ways to benchmark a successful case of an efficient company. For example, an online shopping company can attract customers by developing a corresponding mobile application as a convenient way to shop online. Additionally, they can satisfy customers by quick delivery of purchased products, which is possible by building an effective logistics network. Our study indicates that the productivity of an online shopping company was influenced by endogenous factors driven by improvements in managerial practices rather than exogenous factors. Accordingly, online shopping companies should adopt strategies to improve their operational efficiency rather than sales volume-oriented management.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.135-145
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• 2016

This research intended to investigate, from an ecological perspective, significant predictors affecting school life satisfaction. The subjects were 312 students(2nd grade) of commercial high school in Kyonggido. Data collected by questionnaire survey were analyzed by SPSS Win 22.0 and descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, hierarchical linear regression, and stepwise regression were conducted. There were 21 independent variables: 8 organism variables (self-competence, interpersonal skills, internal control, mood awareness, emotional expression, empathy, emotional regulation, emotional capability), 9 microsystem variables(school variables: the relationship with teachers, school learning, classroom climate, school welfare facilities, school environment/peer variables: peer relationship/family variables: family functioning, education level of fathers, economic status), 2 mesosystem variables(parent-teacher relationship, parent-children's peer relationship), 1 exosystem variables(satisfaction with Korean educational system), 1 macrosystem variables(Korean's primal belief in educational achievement). The results are as follows; the significant variables were the relationship with teachers, satisfaction with Korean educational system, peer relationship, emotional capability, parent-teacher relationship($R^2=45.3%$); and the effect of microsystem was the strongest($R^2=35.7%$). This research is meaningful of analyzing school life satisfaction of commercial high school in terms of ecological perspective.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2017

Nepal is a landlocked mountainous country in South Asia, located between China to the north and India to the south, east, and west. As such, wastewater management has become one of the most significant problems in urban area of Nepal. In Nepal, the centralized wastewater treatment systems were dysfunctional due to high cost of operation, discontinuous power supply, lack of proper maintenance and proper technical workforce to address the issues. As such, constructed wetlands (CW) were applied to treat various secondary wastewater as alternative to wastewater treatment facilities. Generally, efficiency and sustainability of CW technology depends on proper operation and maintenance and active community involvement. This study summarizes information about 26 CW in Nepal. Specifically, factors including data banking, removal efficiency, quality of discharged water, compliance to water quality standard of Nepal and operation and maintenance were investigated. Considering removal efficiency per pollutant, Ka-1 achieved the greatest reduction for most pollutant followed by B-1, L-3, Ka-5 and K-1. Nepal has practiced CW technology for more than 2 decades but currently, development of technology was interrupted by the inefficient performance of existing facilities. Public awareness about the technology, natural disaster, unavailability of specified substrate materials, lack of fund for further research and experiments has hindered the expansion of technology. In spite of these concerns, CW was still proven as an alternative solution to the present wastewater problems in urban areas of Nepal.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1147-1152
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• 2018

In the recent, Chinese insurance market has taken a introduction of InsurTech. It is a combination of insurance and fintech. This means that the policyholder design their own insurance and take out the policy on-line without insurance planner. This trend is remarkable issue. Growth rate of InsurTech in China have significantly been growing. In addition, Chinese insurance market has kept generally stable and fast growth rate, although Chinese forecasting economic growth is subject to massive uncertainties. Nevertheless, the increase in the number of Korean insurance companies fails to settle into Chinese insurance market due to lack of awareness about newness of Chinese insurance market. Moreover, Korean insurance company in China or planning to enter are not prepared for InsurTech yet. Chinese insurance market is valuable for Korean insurance companies. This paper suggests implications of re-entry into Chinese insurance market to Korean insurance companies by analyzing policies which could make environment to endorse Chinese insurtech and case of Chinese insurtech companies.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.13D no.6 s.109
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• pp.839-846
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• 2006

Context-aware adaptive service for overcoming the limitations of wireless devices and maintaining adequate service levels in changing environments is becoming an important issue. However, most existing studies concentrate on an adaptation module on the client, proxy, or server. These existing studies thus suffer from the problem of having the workload concentrated on a single system when the number of users increases md, and as a result, increases the response time to a user's request. Therefore, in this paper the adaptation module is dispersed and arranged over the client, proxy, and server. The module monitors the contort of the system and creates a proposition as to the dispersed adaptation system in which the most adequate system for conducting operations. Through this method faster adaptation work will be made possible even when the numbers of users increase, and more stable system operation is made possible as the workload is divided. In order to evaluate the proposed system, a prototype is constructed and dispersed operations are tested using multimedia based learning content, simulating server overload and compared the response times and system stability with the existing server based adaptation method. The effectiveness of the system is confirmed through this results.