• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.30 no.6 s.113
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• pp.347-353
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• 2005

Paper angle, environment friendly packaging material, has been mainly used as an edge protector, But, in the future, paper angle will be applied to package design of heavy product such as strength reinforcement or unit load system (ULS). Therefore. understanding of buckling behavior fur angle itself, compression strength and quality standard are required. The objectives of this study were to characterize the buckling behavior by theoretical and finite element analysis, and to develop compression strength model by compression test for symetric and asymetric paper angle. Based on the result of theoretical and finite element analysis, as applied load level was bigger and/or the length of angle was longer, incresing rate of buckling of asymmetric paper angle was higher than that of symmetric paper angle. Decreasing rate of minimum principal moment of inertia significantly increased as the extent of asymmetric angle increased, and buckling orientation of angle was open- direction near the small web. Incresing rate of maximum compression strength (MCS) for thickness of angle decreased as the web size increased in symmetric angle. MCS of asymmetric angle of 43${\times}$57 and 33${\times}$67 decreased $15{\~}18\%$ and $65{\~}78\%$, and change of buckling increased $12{\~}13\%$ and $62{\~}66\%$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.369-381
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• 2011

Ginseng in Korea has not only the big production value but also till a good reputation from overseas in the name of 'Korea Ginseng'. Having spread rapidly nationwide from 2000 year, its production keeps on increasing but its consumption becomes lazy and its price is also falling down because of comsumer's concern about mainly overusing pesticide for ginseng. In order to cope with this problem, the government introduced the GAP certification system to ginseng in 2006 to reflect consumer's needs for food safety. This system will be a good opportunity to promote ginseng consumption dramatically. In this aspect it is very important to know how well this system is established and how ginseng farmers build marketing strategies to draw new wind in the market. This study was carried out to look over the GAP certified ginseng system and show its marketing strategies using 4P's(product, place, promotion and price). The main results are as follows. GAP ginseng system currently has some weaknesses such as lack of systematic certification management and after-service, nonrealistic certification fee and poor linkage from production to consumption. In the marketing mix strategies, product strategy suggests that the most desirable appearance be transplanted ginseng filled with branch roots and 4 to 5 year-ginseng, and it is necessary to choose multi-brand strategy divided for present into for self-sufficiency and family brand strategy by use if its brand enlarges to processed products in the future. In the place strategy, 3 stages like 'producer group' - 'GAP certified facility' - 'sales shop' are based as the physical marketing channel according to traceability, and connected with giant retail market and environment friendly stand, and if its sales volume enlarges, it should be considered the GAP ginseng specialized marketplace which is a type of chain store. In the promotion strategy, the promotion of government level is necessary at first and producer alliances require the promotion targeting at the group of women under 40 with differentiation from price, quality, and safety. In the price strategy, the early stage-high price strategy which sets 20~25% higher for self-sufficiency and 30~35% for present is desirable.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.102-111
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• 1998

Large amount of sludge have been generating in the process of water and wastewater treatment in urban area, and it has been making many environmental problems. Currently almost of sludge is landfilled, and since sludge is difficult to handle and dehydrate, the permeated water from the filled-in ground contaminate the surrounding soil and groundwater which may cause serious environmental and sociological problems. The organic component in sludge can be almost removed through the heat treatment process, and the final product is called artificial soil or artificial media according to the temperature control. To produce artificial media using sludge, chabazite and lime were used as an additive, and the mixture of sludge & additives was thermally treated in the firing kiln at about 800~1, 100。C for about fifteen minutes. The physical and chemical characteristics of the produced artificial media were analyzed, and it showed that it can be used as an artificial media for plant production or soil conditioner for farmland. The concentrations of the toxic heavy metals in the artificial media were lower than the soil quality standard for farmland. The characteristics of produced artificial media, using the mixture of sludge and additives through the heat treatment, is similar to the natural chabazite and soil. The analyzed result of the mineral composition of artificial media showed that it has a characteristics similar to natural stable soil, so the produced artificial media may be applied to farmland or water culture without causing adverse effect. Therefore this study showed that the above process can be a feasible alternative for sludge treatment.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.172-181
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• 2022

This study aims to find out the design needs of millennials for flower services amid changes in the environment in which flowers are purchased online. To this end, first, the consumption tendency of millennials and online flower purchase trends were examined. In addition, focusing on flower bouquet products, the market status of flower delivery shopping malls, which are online flower product services, and regular flower subscription services, a new trend in the flower market, were investigated. Based on this, a survey was conducted to improve online flower services. As a result of the survey, it was found that millennials trusted branded products, preferred eco-friendly products, and tended to have strong design openness in improving online flower service design. In addition, millennials prefer natural bouquet designs mixed with large and small flowers to large and colorful roses, which are currently mainly sold at flower delivery shopping malls. Therefore, we hope that this study will improve the design of online flower services that meet the needs of millennial consumers, revitalizing flower purchases, and expanding to new online flower service design research.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.109-133
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• 2014

With a growing concern about climate change and green house gases mitigation, carbon labeling policy has been launched in several countries as an environmental policy which connects low carbon production to low carbon consumption. This research aims to propose a model that explains consumers' attitude and brand loyalty toward carbon labeling products. This model specifies the consumer's psychological processes by which consumer values, such as autonomy and environmental values, affect carbon labeling product and corporate images and finally form brand loyalty toward carbon labeling products. Panel data were collected in two separate surveys and analyzed using a structural equation technique. Results are summarized as follows. First, consumers' autonomy value(AV) positively affects locus of control(LC) and corporate image(CI). Second, consumers' environmental value(EV) positively influences perceived consumer effectiveness(PCE), which in turn has a negative effect on perceived barriers(PB). Perceived barriers finally affect product image(PI) negatively. Third, both corporate image and product image have causal relationships with brand loyalty. Our results suggest that carbon labeling policy contributes not only to the reduction of greenhouse gases but also to the increase of consumers' attitude and brand loyalty toward carbon labeling products. This research also provides governments with directions for efficient environmental policy and firms with guidance on effective marketing strategies about carbon labeling.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.27-36
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• 2020

This study investigates the changes in inorganic composition and the microbial counts during the process of fermentation of mixed domestic organic resources for the development of alternatives for imported oil cake, and examines the characteristics of mixed fermentation organic fertilizer (MFOF). The effect of the MFOF on the lettuce growth is investigated in order to evaluate the possibility of replacing the existing mixed oil cake with the MFOF. Six kinds of domestic by-product resources, which are rice bran, distiller's dried grains, sesame meal, fish meal, and spent mushroom substrate, are mixed by mixing ratio and the composition was analyzed during the fermentation process for 90 days under moisture content 30% and sealed condition. During the 90 days of fermentation, the pH change of the MFOF was little, and the moisture content was maintained at 34-35% until the 60^th day of fermentation, and then decreased to 30-31% on the 90^th day. Total nitrogen content remained unchanged during the fermentation period, but total carbon content showed a significant difference on the 21^st day of fermentation. It was confirmed that the content of fertilizer composition (nitrogen, phosphate, and potash) of the MFOF was 8.7% or more, which is suitable for the minimum amount standard of the main nutrients to be contained in the organic fertilizer. During the fermentation process of organic fertilizer, the density of bacteria and actinomycetes increased until 60 days and 30 days, respectively, and thereafter little changes were shown, and fungal population showed an increasing trend. As a result of lettuce cultivation test in the greenhouse by applying the MFOF, the growth and yield were comparable to that of using the existing mixed oil cake fertilizer when 100% was applied based on crop standard nitrogen fertilizer level. The use of mixed fermentation organic fertilizer made with domestic by-product resources can be used for use in farms in the future and is expected to contribute to the stable production of environment friendly agricultural products.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.355-363
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• 2023

In addition to causing direct feeding damage to a variety of greenhouse crops, Frankliniella occidentalis also inflicts indirect harm by facilitating the transmission of the tomato spotted wilt virus. Historically, the prevention of F. occidentalis infestations has relied heavily on pesticide use. However, this approach has led to significant side effects in agricultural ecosystems, including the development of pest resistance and challenges in effective prevention. In response to these issues, research has been directed towards identifying alternative substances that circumvent the tolerance developed against chemical pesticides. Extracts from sixty-seven medicinal plants were prepared by soaking them in water for 24 hours at room temperature. These extracts were then applied to adult F. occidentalis, with particular attention to moutan extract treatment. This treatment demonstrated a 100% insecticidal effect on the first day. The moutan extract, specifically, was prepared using 50% ethanol, after which the ethanol and water were removed via a rotary evaporator. The resultant product was then lyophilized into a powder and used after being diluted with water. In indoor experiments, a 40% diluted solution was sprayed onto F. occidentalis, exhibiting a 100% insecticidal effect 24 hours post-treatment. Furthermore, a pot test indicated a 78% insecticidal effect on the first day of application. Ongoing research includes the analysis of active substances that demonstrate exceptional insecticidal properties and the conduct of on-site validation tests. The application of the aforementioned extract is anticipated to be effective in the prevention of F. occidentalis infestations.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.248-255
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• 2011

For the environmental friendly soil management on the cultivation of crops in the greenhouse, organic materials, such as the by product-fertilizer derived from livestock manure, rice straw, mushroom media, rice hulls, wood sawdust, and cocopeat, were used as carbon sources adjusting the ratio of carbon to nitrogen to 10, 20, and 30 based on the inorganic soil N. In each C/N ratio of greenhouse soil, watermelon was cultivated in the greenhouse as crop for experiment for the spring and summer of the year and the experimental results were summarized as follows. The concentration of T-C in the organic materials applied were between $289{\sim}429g\;kg^{-1}$, In the C/N ratio of 10, using watermelon as the crop cultivated during the second half of the year in the greenhouse soil, the $NO_3$-N and EC were reduced by 21 to 37%, and 26 to 33%, respectively, except the by product-fertilizer from livestock manure, compared to the soil $NO_3$-N and EC used in the experiment. After the watermelon was cultivated in soils that C/N ratios were controlled as 10, 20, and 30 with wood sawdust adding as carbon sources in the three soils with the different EC values, EC values of the soils were reduced by 33, 42, and 39%, respectively, compared to the soil EC used in the experiment. The weight of watermelon was 10.1-13.4 kg per one unit, and, of the three soils with different EC values. In the soils with three different EC values controlled at C/N ratio of 20, the weight of watermelon was good. The degree of sugar of watermelon were 11.8 to 12.3 Brix, which means that the difference between the treatments was not significant. In conclusion, the C/N ratio of 20 controlled by the proper supply of organic materials according to the representative EC values shown in the greenhouse soils was optimal condition enough to maintain the soil management for the organic culture with the proper nutrient cycling.

• Clean Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2014

Biomass-based plastics containing the biomass content higher than 25 wt% have been considered as environment-friendly materials due to their effects on the reduction in the $CO_2$ emission and petroleum consumption as well as biodegradability after use. This article described the effect of the additions of oxo-biodegradable additive, 4 kinds of plant biomass, unsaturated fatty acid, citric acid in the properties of polyethylene films. Bio films were prepared using a variety of biomasses and tested for feasibility as a food packaging film. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength and percent elongation at break were evaluated. Husk biomasses from such as corn, soybean, rice, and wheat were pulverized using air classifying mill (ACM) and four different types of packaging films with thickness of $50{\mu}m$ were prepared using the pulverized biomass and low density polyethylene/linear low density polyethylene. The packaging film with wheat husk biomass was found to have greater mechanical properties of elongation and tensile strength than the other samples. Biodegradability of bio film was measured to be 51.5% compared to cellulose.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.244-248
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the residual characteristics and calculate processing factor of the environment friendly material matrine in fresh chilli pepper by drying. Spray solution of matrine was prepared by dilution of the commercial product (2% active ingredient) with water at 1 : 1000 (v/v) ratio and sprayed onto chilli pepper plants at seven day intervals. Samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after last application and then dried using a hot air dry oven at $60^{\circ}C$ for 36 hours until the water content was reduced to 14%. Recoveries and storage period stabilities of matrine in the samples ranged from 106.6 to 119.1% and 106.6 to 113.1%, respectively. The residual concentrations of matrine in fresh chilli pepper and dried chilli peppers treated only once were found to be from less than 0.01 to 0.11 and from 0.03 to 0.25 mg/kg, respectively. In case of plants sprayed twice with matrine, the residual concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.12 and from 0.04 to 0.4 mg/kg, respectively. Processing factor of matrine in the fresh chilli pepper by drying was found to be from 1.5 to 3.3, indicating that the residual concentration of matrine in dried chilli pepper increased about two or three times by drying.