• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.147-180
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• 2001

Competition of today's markets get to compete the relationship of one system and another system. Competition in relationship of system emphasis molding of cooperate relationship-strycture between enetrprices and It appears competitiveness enriched effects of enterprices in systems. In the rapidly changing economy and marketing situation, Travel agency got worse management situation of themselves more excessive competitiveness then competitiveness efforts between Tourism Relationship Enterprices. So, Relationship marketing will lays a foundation of new travel agency's environment through competitive of relation to travel agency and travel agency, travel agency and hotel or travel agency and airplane. This study's object are present relationships between travel agency and travel relation enterprise of cooperation, complication and competitiveness to relation form. And this study are presents suggestion to generate of hereafter travel relation enterprise through study on relationship with hotel and airplane. A final object of this study are presents a model applys relation method of travel agency and travel agency, hotel and airplane through inspect to specialist analysis. In the result of study, Travel agency are low position and difficult with hotel and airplane at the cooperation but acually It's difficult with travel relation enterprise. So, Travel agency will be operates characteritic system and regulations for win with travel relation enterprise for efficiency of working more than hotel and airplane. Airplane is the best big travel relation enterprise. So, The most airplane has to high cooperate with travel agency. That's why airplane keep going close cooperation with travel agency. Travel agency has to close cooperate with hotels secondly through marketing, exchanging information and union advertisement etc. Hotels are low in complications than travel agency but high in complications than airplane. Although travel relation enterprise are different system individually, because of all of us working with union object, Travel agency and travel compliment-cooperation relationship.relation enterprise has to autonomy behavior with close cooperation through.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.315-320
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• 2001

Strategic aim of Poland is an accession to The European Union. This accession means consolidation of democratic transformations and acceleration of economical development. Possibly full and quick execution of preparing works at building domain is one of conditions of Polish membership in the European Union. Poland has to adopt rules and standards, which are required at EU. It will permit to make polish companies more attactive at international market. We should know, that economical, legal whether political reforms, this is not all what consists on membership at the Union European. We must change internally, become open to the world, to represent dynamism, enterprise, knowledge and culture. We must become more tolerant and be able to communicate with people with different culture whether political orientation, we have to accept this dissimilarity and will find way of dialogue and cooperation.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.409-441
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• 2018

This study is a case study about the Valero Energy Corporation, the largest American independent refinery company, examining the characteristics of human resource management as a union avoidance strategy. The main research questions here are whether union substitution strategy differs clearly from union suppression strategy in the context of Valero Energy. Since the establishment in 1980, the Valero had maintained non-union tradition. The typical examples of human resource management in the non-unionized American companies are easily found in the Valero, such as strong CEO leadership, manpower policy emphasizing corporate culture and teamwork, direct communication between company and individual employees, no lay-off policy and no outsourcing policy of HRM, salary level around average of industry and best level of fringe benefits in the industry, non-union tradition and well-functioned alternative dispute resolution system and so on. Until now, based on tremendous growth and profitability, the company have applied union substitution method adopted by good companies as concrete method of union avoidance strategy instead of union suppression method that marginal enterprise prefers.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.117-143
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• 2006

This paper illuminates the patterns of growth and declines in sizes of union membership in metal, chemical, financial, and auto transport sectors in three distinct periods during the last four decades from 1963 to 2003. This paper also calculates union densities in auto assembly, auto supply, and shipbuilding industries of the metal sector, cement, petroleum refining, and pharmaceutical industries of the chemical sector, private banking industry of the financial sector, and city bus industry of the auto transport sector. Such diversities in both sizes of union membership and union densities among sectors and industries turned out to be associated with attitudes and choices of employers and unions in interaction with sector- and industry-specific economic (growth stage and path), institutional (degrees of government intervention), and social (demographic features of employees and prevailing sizes of firms) environment. Such finding shows that theoretical reasonings on sizes of union membership and union densities across sectors and industries in advanced nations are also relevantly useful to analyze the Korean case.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.299-307
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• 2012

This study aims to look into factors which exert an important effect on the formation of cooperative employer-employee management systems of enterprises and finally to suggest an alternative for establishing the future's union-management relations. To accomplish the purpose, this research find each of important factors of the formation of cooperative employer-employee management systems through a theoretical consideration of those factors. The importance and priority order of the factors were systematized by the AHP analysis. The analysis showed the following two things. First of all, the management expecting the employees should be strengthened. Then, the establishment of transparent management and union-management systems sharing the enterprise's vision and values play important roles in the formation cooperative employer-employee management systems. In conclusion, this study provided alternative for establishing the future's union-management relations, based on the analysis results.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.75-112
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• 2006

We found following evidences from our empirical analysis with the Workplace Panel Survey data of the Korea Labor Institute with reference to 'discord hypothesis' which insists that employee participatory high performance work practices would strengthen not only an enterprise focus in labor-management relations but also the enterprise unionism in the labor union system or collective bargaining structures, so they would probably come into conflict with the superenterprise-oriented industrial solidarity spirit in labor unionism. First, even though there are significant positive management performance effects of high performance work practices, especially in case of mining and manufacturing industries, the positive performance effects of employee participatory work practices such as job rotation ratio of workers and 6-sigma activities were much strengthened relatively in case of non-unionized establishments. Second, the superenterprise-oriented collective bargaining system is also found to give very strong and statistically significant negative performance effects to the introduction and implementation of work teams and performance-related payment systems such as profit sharing, group incentive pay system and so on. Although there are some careful reservations in interpreting the results of our analysis because of data insufficiency, they may have important implications that the industrial labor unionism or the superenterprise-oriented collective bargaining practices exercise the bargaining power to make individual firms be negative or feel it nearly impossible to introduce the employee participatory work practices which can be very favorable to improving those management performance.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.1282-1288
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• 2008

In the early 1990s, the market-orientation attracting a lot of attention as the implementation strategy of marketing is an effort to give customers a value and get sustained earnings in the market. In the previous studies, most of the studies on the market-orientation have focused on hotels, large companies and IT, so it was hard to find the study on railroad in the view of transport service. Thus, this study aimed to find out how marketing activities using transport service and a variety of products linked railroad are shared by group members and what effect the organized union of corporate culture has on business performance as market-orientation activity. Previously, the purpose of this study was to research whether the management system of a private enterprise based on market could be applied to the public enterprise like Korea railroad.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.10
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• pp.95-115
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• 2002

E.U(Europe Union) and I.S.O(International Standard Organization) have promoted environmental problems from an individual enterprise level to international level. E.U have practiced E.M.A.S(Environment Management Audit Scheme), they have explained environmental information to local residents by an environmental statement and they have introduced verification system by identification person. One year later, I.S.O have published ISO 14000 series by environmental audit in 1996. Modem enterprise must go well with profitability and sociality. Environmental accounting was appeared in order to agree with profitability and sociality. Environmental accounting is to solve environmental problems, to protect natural resources, to measure effect of environment, and to transmit information of environment. Accountability's theory must be based social fairness and systemic legality. We need the accountability in order to system of Environmental accounting. But the conception of environmental accounting and accountability are not defined in our country. Therefore the purpose of this study is to established the relation of environmental accounting and accountability.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.95-136
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• 2018

As the number of precariats grows, their poor labor rights and working conditions are becoming issues of major concern all over the world but how to represent their interests is still controversial. Basically, the union is the institutional mechanism for representing the labor rights. However, it is difficult for workplaceand enterprise-based unions to fully represent the labor rights of precarious workers. Recently, so-called community unions have emerged in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan as independent organizations representing the rights of non-standard workers. Community unions refer to labor unions which organize precarious workers across firms at the regional level. They are known to be suitable for covering the unemployed, job seekers, indirect employment workers, short-term contract workers, and small-firm workers. In South Korea, since the financial crisis in 1997, a dramatic increase in the number of precariats leads to emergence of new types of trade unions such as the Youth Community Union, the Arbeit Workers' Union, the Artist Social Union and the Korea Musician's Union. They have engaged in various activities to guarantee the labor rights of precariats. Recently, researchers have also tried to identify defining characteristics of these new forms of unionism. To expand research on trade unionism in South Korea, this study compares two different types of community unions: the Youth Community Union and the Arbeit Workers' Union. We believe that this attempt can contribute to the research on the alternative labor movement. For this purpose, this study starts with theoretical discussions on community unions, and compares the Youth Community Union with the Arbeit Workers' Union based on the five characteristics of community unionism: membership and organization structure, the recognition struggle, the type or scope of interest, solidarity with other civic organizations, and the repertoire of resistance strategies. Based on this comparative analysis, this study seeks to foresee the possibility of how community unionism will develop in South Korean in the future.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.93-120
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• 2010

In 1978, Chinese reform and opening caused a big changes in Chinese labor relationship. Through reforming and opening, China gave up part of state ownership system and group ownership system, permitted private ownership system, and also opened the way for capitalists to ride again. Since China was established, the labor relationship ceased for 30 years has been appeared. However because the top priority aim of China's reform was economic growth, the protection of the rights and interests of labor was pushed back on the policy priority list. China takes foreign capitals based on cheap labor force quickly and China come up the worldwide plants. Since reformed, China keeps an economic growth rate of 9.7% annually for 30years. This economic growth is based on labor's sacrifice. However, Chinese fast economic growth causes side effects such as increasement of the gap between the wealthy and the poor, increasement of unbalanced development between regions, and the increasement of conflict between labor and management. Especially, according to changes in labors' level of consciousness, the labors recognized that their rights and interests are exploited by employers. Therefore, the labor dispute is continuously increasing. Chinese government changes their policy from the policy focusing on enterprise development to the policy protecting labor's rights and interests. In order to protect labor's rights and interests, China conducts labor contract law and labor dispute conciliation arbitration law in 2008. This kind of changes in Chinese labor environment affect a lot to Korean companies which already entered into China or are willing to enter. According to studying on present situation and resolution system in Chinese labor dispute, this paper suggests the proper countermeasure related to labor dispute of Korean companies which entered in China. First, the success rate of labor dispute conciliation by enterprise labor dispute conciliation committee is around 20% during recent several years and the success rate by year is in decline. Therefore, when labor dispute is occurred, our companies which entered into China better use other labor dispute methods such as negotiation and arbitration than conciliation in order to settle a conflict. Second, from the Korean enterprises entered in China point of view, there exists a problem not to sue except special cases which provided in the law even though they are dissatisfied with arbitrate judgment. Thus, when labor dispute occurred, Korean enterprises try to do best to settle the dispute through negotiation. However, in case of that the dispute cannot be settled by negotiation, they have to attend in the arbitration as if it is a last chance. Third, Korean enterprises keep in mind that dispute handling procedures between labor union and users or between labor group and users are different, and then deal with separately. Thus, dispute between labor and users have to follow arbitrate procedures as a necessary procedure, but in case of dispute related to group contract, namely dispute against labor union, labor dispute can be settled by arbitrate or suit, so after figuring out the situation exactly, it is necessary to select more advantageous way in order to settle the dispute. Moreover, in case of the dispute between labor union, they have to keep in mind that conciliation procedures cannot be used.