• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.470-476
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• 2007

To evaluate the vancomycin resistance of Enterococcus spp. (VRE) from Saengsik and Sunsik, Enterococcus were isolated and identified from 25 Saengsik and 35 Sunsik samples, and resistance of Enterococcus to other antibiotics was also assessed. Thirty nine Enterococcus, 16 strains from Saengsik, and 23 strains from Sunsik, were ultimately isolated. The most frequently collected Enterococcus isolates in Saengsik were E. casseliflavus and E. hirae, and were E. casseliflavus and E. faecium in Sunsik. However, E. faecalis was not detected in those foods. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin against the isolates were below $4\;{\mu}g/mL$ and no strains evidenced profound levels of resistance. The isolates were found to be susceptible to vancomycin with the exception of eight E. casseliflavus and three E. gallinarum. All Enterococcus isolates proved resistant to streptomycin and chloramphenicol. 23% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin; however, all of the isolates were sensitive to tetracycline. Six and 48%, respectively, of the strains from the Saengsik and Sunsik proved resistant to erythromycin. All of E. mundtii and E. hirae isolates from Saengsik, and 20% of E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus isolates from Sunsik were found to be ampicillin-resistant. All of E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus, and E. faecium were rifampin-resistant. The antibiotic resistances of Enterococcus were relatively low, and this low vancomycin resistance was similar to that evidenced by Enterococcus isolates obtained from the other foods. However, there may be a need for some review of the accepted antibiotics criteria for Enterococcus and VRE in ready-to-eat foods.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.7-18
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• 2007

A total of 1,780 isolates of Enterococcus spp. were isolated from 63,133 clinical specimens from Dec 1, 2005 to Nov 1, 2006 in "C" hospital. Isolation frequencies of Enterococcus spp. were 50.9% for E. faecalis, 41.7% for E. faecium, and 7.4% for other Enterococcus spp. containing E. avium, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus, E. durans, E. hirae, and E. raffinosus. There were no significant difference between gender, but according to the age group analysis, Enterococcus spp. were more frequently isolated in patients over 50 years old (20.0~24.6%) than those isolated from the patients under the age of 0~49 (1.3~9.4%). In monthly analysis, Enterococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated in April (11.9%), but presented at lowest frequency in February (5.2%). Seasonal analysis did not show a significant difference. Over half of enterococci were isolated from random urine (44.9%) and catherterized urine (15.7%). Frequencies of vancomycin resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium were 0.1% and 31.0%, respectively. Teicoplanin resistant Enterococcus was 13.3% in E. faecalis, 17.6 % in E. faecium. The Enterococcus species showing over 80% susceptibility against antimicrobial agents were E. faecalis, E. durans and E. hirae in vancomycin; E. faecalis, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus, E. durans and E. hirae in ampicillin. The antimicrobial agent showing susceptibility against whole group of Enterococcus species was only linezolid (95.9%), and a selection of antimicrobial agent is necessary to do essential performance identification and susceptibility tests.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.714-720
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• 2012

콩 발효식품인 청국장과 된장에서 분리한 $Enterococcus$의 항생제 내성을 평가하고자 31개의 청국장과 17개의 된장으로부터 $Enterococcus$를 분리, 동정한 후 항생제 내성특성을 분석하였다. 모든 청국장 시료에서 119균주, 된장시료에서 4균주, 총 123개의 $Enterococcus$를 분리하였고 가장 많이 분리된 종은 청국장에서는 $E.$ $faecium$ 69균주, $E.$ $faecalis$ 20균주 등이며 된장시료에서 분리한 4균주는 모두 $E.$ $faecium$으로 동정되었다. 총 123개의 $Enterococcus$는 ampicillin, chloramphenicol, penicillin, tetracycline에 내성이 낮게 나타났다. 그리고 erythromycin, ripampin, streptomycin 등에게는 내성이 높은 것으로부터 민감성이 있는 것까지 다양하게 분포하였다. 청국장에서 분리된 $Enterococcus$의 vancomycin MiC 범위는 0.25~8 ${\mu}g/mL$로 나타났으며, MiC 8 ${\mu}g/mL$ 정도의 낮은 내성균 17균주가 $E.$ $faecalis$, $E.$ $faecium$, $E.$ $gallinarum$, $E.$ $casselifalvus$ 등에 고르게 분포되어 있음을 알 수가 있었다. 모든 분리균주에서 고농도 vancomycin 내성유전자인 $van$A, $van$B는 검출되지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과 $Enterococcus$는 자연환경에 널리 분포하고 있는 만큼 가공식품에는 항생제 내성균주와 vancomycin-resistant $Enterococcus$가 존재할 수 있으나 이들 청국장, 된장 등의 콩 발효식품 $Enterococcus$에는 주요 항생제에 내성정도가 높지 않아 항생제 안전성이 있는 것으로 보인다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2013

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged as important healthcare-associated infection since last two decades. ChromID VRE agar (cIDVA) is useful for VRE rectal swab screening. We investigated all VRE were isolated on the cIDVA. A total of 363 rectal swabs of 85 patients to test VRE screening were inoculated into bile-esculin (B-E) broth with $6{\mu}g/mL$ vancomycin. After 24 hours incubation, we subcultured B-E broths were changed to black onto cIDVA. All isolates were identified by the MICROSCAN and VITEK2. The vanA gene and vancomycin minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) were detected by PCR and E-test respectively. 277 E. faecium (84.7%), 16 E. faecalis (4.9%), 25 E. avium (7.6%), 8 E. gallinarum (2.4%) and 1 E. raffinosus (0.3%) were isolated. 10.3% of VRE detected on cIDVA were other than E. faecium and E. faecalis that presented various color from colorless to pale violet. All isolates contained vanA and vancomycin MIC were > $256{\mu}g/mL$. VRE isolates other than E. faecium and E. faecalis should be objective to the contact precautions for healthcare-associated infection control if they possess vanA gene. Due to emerging enterococci carrying vanA such as E. avium, E. gallinarum, and E. raffinosus, VRE surveillance should be expanded to all isolates on chromogenic agar.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.124-132
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the photosensitizer photogem with light-emitting diode (LED) on vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Two VRE strains isolated from the feces of patients. that was identificated Enterococcus faecium (vanA) and Enterococcus gallinarum (vanC1) using traditional biochemical tests and confirmed VRE genotyping from using polymerase chain reaction. In addition, three strains were used Enterococcus. faecalis CDC-286 (vanA), E. faecalis CDC-583 (vanB) and E. gallinarum CDC-42 (vanC1). To examine the antimicrobial effect of photogem mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against, CFU quantification and Disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test were evaluated. The effects of Photodynamic therapy was not associated with genotype. Photogem mediated PDT perfectly inhibited the colony formation of E. faecalis CDC-286. The number of viable bacteria decreased greatly after PDT application with photogem $50{\mu}g/mL$ and energy density of $15J/cm^2$. The diameter of inhibition zone was increased to after PDT more than before PDT. The case of vancomycin disc on E. faecalis CDC-583 and E. galinanum-Patient were changed from resistant to intermediate resistant, from intermediate resistant to susceptable. These results demonstrate that lethal photosensitization of VRE can be achieved using photogem plus 630 nm LED irradiation.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2010

2009년 4월부터 12월까지 서울시 보건환경연구원 미생물 관리팀에 의뢰된 냉동식품 100건을 대상으로 일반세균수, 대장균군수, 대장균과 장구균의 오염도를 조사였으며, 분리된 장구균을 대상으로 하여 항생제 감수성 검사를 실시하였다. 일반세균수는 평균 검출량이 $4.3{\times}10^4CFU/g$ 이고 대장균군수는 평균 검출량이 $4.3{\times}10^3CFU/g$ 이고 대장균은 100건 모두에서 불검출되어 0.0%의 검출률을 보였다. 100건의 검체 중 총 22건에서 장구균이 분리되었으며 이 가운데 12주는 E. faecium, 7주는 E. faecalis, 2주는 E. gallinarum, 1주는 E. hirae이었다. 분리균주의 항생제 내성률을 검사 한 결과, 내성을 나타내는 항생제들은 erythroycin, rifampin, teracycline ciprofloxacin, chlorampenicol, penicillin이며, vancomycin, ampicillin, gentamicin, strepomycin, linezolid에 대해서는 모두 감수성이었다. 또 22건의 분리 균주 중에서 2종 이상의 항생제에 다제 내성을 나타낸 균주가 15주나 되며 가장 많은 형태로는 6균주의 장구균에서 나타난 E-RA에 대한 것이었다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2017

본 연구는 일개대학병원의 디지털 이동방사선검사 장비를 대상으로 이동방사선검사 시 검출기와 장비의 세균학적 오염도를 조사하여 이동방사선검사 장비로 인한 병원감염을 예방하고자 실시하였다. 중환자실 감염관리 환자는 검출기위에 비닐을 씌우고 검사를 실시한 후 비닐 위에서 검체를 채취한 결과 CNS, VRE가 검출되었고 비닐을 제거한 검출기에서는 균이 발견되지 않았다. 일반병실 환자를 연속해서 검사한 결과, 1번 환자에서는 균이 발견되지 않았고, 2번과 3번 환자에서는 CNS, 4번 환자는 CNS, Enterococcus faecalis, 5번 환자는 CNS, Enterococcus casseliflavus, 6번 환자에서는 CNS, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Klebsiella pneumoniae가 검출되었다. 조사야 조절 손잡이에서는 CNS, Enterococcus faecium이 검출되었다. X-선 발생스위치, 검출기 손잡이에서는 CNS가 검출되었다. 검사 후 방사선사의 진료 장갑에서는 CNS, Enterococcus gallinarum, Klebsiella pneumoniae가 검출되었다. 따라서 1회 검사 후 검출기를 소독하고 재검사 하는 방법과 검출기에 1회용 비닐을 씌워 검사한 후 제거하는 방법을 권장하며, 진료장갑은 1회 검사 후 반드시 새로운 장갑으로 교체해야 한다. 또한, 검사 중 많이 조작하는 조사야 조절 손잡이의 철저한 소독과 근무자의 감염교육을 통해 이동방사선검사로 인한 병원감염을 예방하여야 한다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.401-406
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• 2017

이 연구에서 VITEK 2 시스템을 사용하여 $6{\mu}g/mL$ vancomycin이 첨가된 Enterococcosel (EV6 agar에서 배양한 327개의 검체 중 74개의 분리균(22.6%)으로 확인하였다. E. faecium은 55주(74.3%), E. gallinarum 16주(21.6%), E. casseliflavus 2주(2.7%) 및 E. avium 1주(1.4%)로 확인되었다. E. faecium의 55가지 표현형 중 vanA가 42주(76.4%), vanB가 9주(16.4%), vanC 표현형이 4주(7.3%)로 나타났다. E. gallinarum 16주와 E. casseliflavus 2주 모두 vanC 표현형을 보였으며 E. avium 1주는 vanB 표현형을 나타내었다. EV4에서만 증식된 E. faecium 1주는 VITEK2 시스템을 이용한 항균제 감수성 검사 결과 vancomycin과 teicoplanin에 모두 감수성이었고 vancomycin 내성 표현형 유전자는 PCR에 의해 검출되지 않았다. 총 327 검체를 $6{\mu}g/mL$ vancomycin (EV6 broth)을 첨가 한 Enterococoscosel broth에서 배양하여 120 균주(36.7%)가 분리되었다. 120균주에서 다중 중합 효소 연쇄반응에 의한 반코마이신 내성 유전형 실험을 실시한 결과, vanA가 51주(42.5%), vanA와 vanC가 5주(4.2%), vanC가 18주(15%), 나머지 46주(38.3%)에서는 vancomycin 내성 유전형 유전자는 검출되지 않았다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.520-525
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• 2023

This study aimed to detect Enterococcus spp. strain, a fecal contamination indicator, by PCR assay from short neck clams Venerupis philippinarum in Cheonsu Bay area, Chu Island area and Wonsan Island area, the west coast of Korea, from November 2022 to February 2023 of Enterococcus spp. strain was detected in 19 (79.2%) among 24 samples, and its concentration ranged from <18 to 33,000 MPN (most probable number)/100 g. The 269 isolated Enterococcus spp. strains were identified by PCR assay, and Enterococcus spp. distribution in short neck clams were E. faecium (39.8%), E. faecalis (23.0%), E. hirae (21.9%), E. gallinarum (10.4%), E. casseliflavus (1.5%), E. durans (1.5%) and unidentified strains (1.9%). Thus, E. faecium was the most dominant strain followed by E. faecalis. Overall, these results provide novel insight into the necessity for shellfish sanitation in the sea and could help reduce the fecal contamination risk.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2003

A multiplex PCR assay, which allows simultaneous detection of vancomycin resistant genotypes and Enterococcus species-specific genes, was developed. Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) from chickens and humans could be detected for vanA, vanB, vanC-1, vanC-2, $ddl_{E.faecium}$ and $ddl_{E.faecalis}$ by multiplex PCR. Eight isolates of VRE from humans (n=11) had $ddl_{E.faecium}$ and vanA, and 3 isolates of the VRE had $ddl_{E.faecium}$ and vanB. One isolate of VRE from chickens (n=6) had $ddl_{E.faecium}$ and vanA, and 5 isolates of the VRE had only vanA. E. faecium, E. faecalis, E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus were also confirmed for the species-specific gene by multiplex PCR. This multiplex PCR could detect E. faecium, E. faecalis, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus, vanA, vanB, vanC-1 and vanC-2, simultaneously. The PCR assay established in the present study can be an alternative to time-consuming biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility tests of Enterococcus spp.