• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.234-247
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• 2018

The goal of nutrition of the preterm infant is to "provide nutrients to approximate the rate of growth and composition of weight gain for a normal fetus of the same postmenstrual age and to maintain normal concentrations of blood and tissue nutrients" (American Academy of Pediatrics 2014). Failure to provide the necessary amounts of all of the essential nutrients to preterm infants has produced not only growth failure, but also increased morbidity and less than optimal neurodevelopment. This continues to be true despite many efforts to increase nutrition of the preterm infants. In contrast, enhanced nutrition of very preterm infants, both intravenous and enteral, beginning right after birth, promotes positive energy and protein balance and improves longer term neurodevelopmental outcomes. The benefits are long lasting too, particularly for prevention of later life chronic diseases.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제12권sup1호
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• pp.37-40
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• 2009

Nutritional support team (NST) is a multidisciplinary group of nutrition professionals with interest and expertise in the evaluation and management of malnutrition and nutrition-related problems in hospital. The goal of NST is providing optimal nutrition to patients who need enteral and parenteral nutrition. Recently, NST is set up in some hospitals in Korea. However, until now, pediatric NST is not established in most hospitals. Because children admitted to hospital are at risk of malnutrition, NST is required to provide effective nutritional management for pediatric patients.

• Journal of Clinical Nutrition
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2018

Purpose: Intense multidisciplinary team effort is required for the intestinal rehabilitation of patients afflicted with the short bowel syndrome (SBS). These include enteral and parenteral nutrition (PN) support, monitoring of complications related to treatment, and considering further medical or surgical options for intestinal adaptation. Methods: In the Intestinal Rehabilitation Team (IRT) at the Samsung Medical Center, we have experienced 20 cases of adult SBS requiring multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation. This study is a retrospective review of the collected medical records. Results: Of the 20 subjects treated, 12 patients were male and 8 patients were female. At the time of referral to the IRT, the mean age was 51.5 years, and the mean body weight was 50.1 kg, which was 90% of the usual body weight. The diseases or operative managements preceding massive bowel resection were malignancy in 11 cases, cardiac surgery in 2 cases, trauma in 2 cases and one case, each of tuberculosis, corrosive esophagitis, atrial fibrillation, simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation, and perforated appendicitis. Of these, there were 14 survivals and 6 mortalities. The fatalities were attributed to progression of disease, intestinal failure-associated liver disease, and sepsis (unrelated to intestinal failure) (2 cases each). Among the 14 surviving patients, 8 patients have been weaned off PN, whereas 6 are still dependent on PN (mean PN dependence 36%). Conclusion: This paper reports the results of multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation of adult short bowel patients treated at the Samsung Medical Center. Further studies are required to improve survival and enteral tolerance of these patients.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.122-131
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• 2019

The majority of children with cerebral palsy (CP) have feeding difficulties and are especially prone to malnutrition. The early involvement of a multidisciplinary team should aim to prevent malnutrition and provide adequate nutritional support. Thorough nutritional assessment, including body composition, should be a prerequisite for the nutritional intervention. As in typically-developed children nutritional support should start with dietary advice and the modification of oral feeding, if safe and acceptable. However, for prolonged feeding, in the presence of unsafe swallowing and inadequate oral intake, enteral nutrition should be promptly initiated and early gastrostomy placement should be evaluated and discussed with parents/caregivers. Gastrointestinal problems (oropharyngeal dysfunction, gastroesophageal disease, and constipation) in children with CP are frequent and should be actively detected and adequately treated as they can further worsen the feeding process and nutritional status.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2021

Purpose: Nutritional status and support in critically ill patients are important factors in determining patient recovery and prognosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the early nutritional status and the methods of nutritional support in critically ill patients with acute poisoning and to evaluate the effect of nutritional status on prognosis. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in tertiary care teaching hospital from January 2018 to December 2020. in an emergency department of university hospital, 220 patients who were stayed more than 2 days of poisoning in intensive care unit were enrolled. Results: 155 (70.5%) of patients with acute poisoning had low-risk in nutritional risk screening (NRS). Patients with malignancy had higher NRS (low risk 5.2%, moderate risk 18.5%, high risk 13.2%, p=0.024). Patients of 91.4% supplied nutrition via oral route or enteral route. Parenteral route for starting method of nutritional support were higher in patients with acute poisoning of herbicide or pesticide (medicine 3.2%, herbicide 13.8%, pesticide 22.2%, p=0.000). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, herbicide or pesticide intoxication, higher risk in NRS and sequential organ failure assessment over 4.5 were affecting factor on poor recovery at discharge. Conclusion: NRS in patients intoxicated with herbicide or pesticide were higher than that in patients intoxicated with medicine intoxication. Enteral nutrition in patients intoxicated with herbicide or pesticide was less common. Initial NRS was correlated with recovery at discharge in patient with intoxication. It is expected to be helpful in finding patients with high-risk nutritional status in acute poisoning patients and establishing a treatment plan that can actively implement nutritional support.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2020

Purpose: Atropine is an antidote used to relieve muscarinic symptoms in patients with organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. Nutritional support via the enteral nutrition (EN) route might be associated with improved clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. This study examined the administration of nutritional support in patients undergoing atropinization, including methods of supply, outcomes, and complications. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital from 2010 to 2018. Forty-five patients, who were administered with atropine and on mechanical ventilation (MV) due to organophosphate or carbamate poisoning, were enrolled. Results: Nutritional support was initiated on the third day of hospitalization. Thirty-three patients (73.3%) were initially supported using parenteral nutrition (PN). During atropinization, 32 patients (71.1%) received nutritional support via EN (9) or PN (23). There was no obvious reason for not starting EN during atropinization (61.1%). Pneumonia was observed in both patient groups on EN and PN (p=0.049). Patients without nutritional support had a shorter MV duration (p=0.034) than patients with nutritional support. The methods of nutritional support during atropinization did not show differences in the number of hospital days (p=0.711), MV duration (p=0.933), duration of ICU stay (p=0.850), or recovery at discharge (p=0.197). Conclusion: Most patients undergoing atropinization were administered PN without obvious reasons to preclude EN. Nutritional support was not correlated with the treatment outcomes or pneumonia. From these results, it might be possible to choose EN in patients undergoing atropinization, but further studies will be necessary.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2012

Pediatric patients in hospital are at risk of malnutrition at admission and even during their hospitalization. Although the concept of nutritional support team (NST) was introduced to hospitals for optimal nutritional care since 1960s and the benefits of pediatric NST have been proven by many studies and reports in terms of patient clinical outcome and cost saving, the pediatric NST is not widespread yet. The pediatric NST composed of pediatricians, dieticians, pharmacist, and nutrition support nurses as core members dedicated to nutritional care in children should be independent of central NST or other disciplines, but closely cooperate with other teams in hospitals. There is no doubt that a multidisciplinary NST is an effective way to provide appropriate nutritional support to an individual patient. Therefore, the implementation of the pediatric NST in hospitals should be recommended to provide optimum nutritional support including enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition and to assess pediatric patients at risk of malnutrition.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권7호
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• pp.711-715
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• 2005

목 적 : 저자들은 출생체중 1,000 g 미만의 초극소저출생체중아에서의 생후 3일 이전에 시작한 조기장관영양의 효과와 부작용에 대해 알아보았다. 방 법 : 1994년 11월부터 2004년 4월까지 본원 신생아 중환자실에 입원한 출생체중 1,000 g 미만의 초극소저출생체중아 총 266례 중 생후 14일까지 생존한 211례의 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석 조사하였다. 대상 환아를 조기장관영양(early feeding, EF)군(80례)과 후기장관영양(late feeding, LF)군(131례)으로 분류하여 두 군의 인구학적 및 주산기 인자, 장관영양과 관련된 인자 및 합병증, 사망률에 대해 알아보았다. 결 과 : 인구학적 및 주산기 인자로 재태연령과 출생체중은 각각 EF군 $27^{+1}{\pm}2^{+1}$주, LF군 $27^{+0}{\pm}1^{+6}$주와 EF군 $848{\pm}109g$, LF군 $818{\pm}138g$으로 두 군간에 차이가 없었다. 임신성 고혈압과 호흡곤란증후군은 EF군에서 각각 14%, 69%, LF군에서 28%, 89%로 EF군에서 유의하게 적었으며 EF군에서 연구기간 중 후반기인 2000-2004년에 포함된 환아의 비율이 높았다. 성비, 임신성 당뇨, 자궁 내 성장지연, 산전 스테로이드 투여, 융모양막염의 여부는 두 군간에 차이가 없었다. 장관영양과 관련된 인자로 EF군은 평균 생후 2일에 장관영양을 시작하였고 LF군은 9일에 장관영양을 시작하였다. 완전장관영양 도달시기는 EF군에서 평균 생후 33일, LF군에서 생후 47일로 EF군에서 유의하게 빨랐고 정맥영양 시행기간도 EF군에서 24일, LF군에서 33일로 EF군에서 유의하게 짧았다. 재원기간은 EF군에서 평균 생후 85일, LF군에서 103일로 EF군에서 유의하게 짧았다. 장관영양 불내성의 발생은 EF군에서 적었으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 합병증과 관련된 인자로 기관지폐이형성증의 발생은 EF군에서 53%, LF군에서 71%로 EF군에서 유의하게 적었다. 괴사성 장염(EF군 1%, LF군 5%)과 패혈증(EF군 36%, LF군 46%)은 두 군간 유의한 차이가 없었으며 사망률, 뇌실내출혈, 뇌실주위백질연화증, 미숙아 망막증, 담즙정체증도 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 출생체중 1,000 g 미만의 초극소저출생체중아에서 생후 3일 이전에 시작한 조기장관영양은 괴사성 장염이나 패혈증과 같은 부작용의 증가 없이 완전장관영양 도달시간을 단축하였고 정맥영양 시행기간과 재원기간을 감소시켰으며 기관지폐이형성증의 빈도를 감소시키는 이로운 효과를 보임을 알 수 있었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제62권9호
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• pp.344-352
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• 2019

Background: Ventilator dependency constitutes a major problem in the intensive care setting. Malnutrition is considered a major determinant of extubation failure, however, attention has been attracted to modulating carbon dioxide production through decreasing carbohydrate loading and increasing the percent of fat in enteral feeds. The detected interrelation between substrate oxidation and ventilation outcome became the base of several research to determine the appropriate composition of the nonprotein calories of diet in ventilated patients. Purpose: We aimed to assess the effect of high-fat dietary modification and nutritional status on ventilatory and final outcomes of pediatric intensive care. Methods: Fifty-one ventilated children (1 month to 12 years of age) with pulmonary disease who could be enterally fed, in the Cairo University Pediatric intensive care unit, were divided into 2 groups: group A included 25 patients who received isocaloric high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet; group B included 26 patients who received standard isocaloric diet. Comprehensive nutritional assessment was done for all patients. Results: Group A had a significant reduction in carbon dioxide tension, but no similar reduction in the duration or level of ventilatory support. Assisted minute ventilation was predicted by weight-for-age and caloric intake rather than the type of diet. Poor nutritional status was associated with higher mortality and lower extubation rates. Mild hypertriglyceridemia and some gastrointestinal intolerance were significant in group A, with no impact on the adequacy of energy or protein delivery. Conclusion: The high-fat enteral feeding protocol may contribute to reducing carbon dioxide tension, with mild hypertriglyceridemia and negligible gastrointestinal intolerance as potential adverse effects. Optimization of nutritional status rather than dietary modification may improve ventilatory and survival outcomes in critically ill-ventilated children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.326-335
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• 2016

Purpose: It is crucial to provide adequate enteral nutrition for postoperative recovery, wound healing and normal growth in infants in pediatric cardiac ICUs. This study was done to develop a feeding protocol using the vaso-active inotropic (VAI) score and to evaluate the impact of nutritional outcomes following the new feeding protocol for infants who underwent cardiac surgery. Methods: This study consisted of three phases. First, a feeding protocol was developed based on a literature review. Second, ten experts rated the content validity. Third, a comparison study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the new feeding protocol. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Results: Twenty-nine infants were enrolled in the pre-protocol group, and 22 infants in the post-protocol group. Patients in the 2 groups were similar. Time to reach feeding goal was significantly decreased from 56.0 (27-210) hours to 28.5 (10-496) hours in the post-protocol group (Z=-4.22, p<.001). Level of enteral feeding knowledge among nurses increased significantly after implementation of the protocol. Conclusion: The feeding protocol using VAI score facilitates the achievement feeding goal to decrease feeding interruptions and help nurses in their practice. Larger studies are necessary to examine clinical outcomes following the implementation of this feeding protocol.