• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.552-557
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• 2007

This paper has dealt with the effect of non ionized surfactant and water mixture on drag reduction and heat transfer enhancement in a circular pipe flow with experimentally. The test section was consisted of stainless steel pipe with inside diameter of 16mm. The wire coil was used to increase heat transfer in a pipe and the on ionized surfactant(Oleyl Dihydroxyethyl Amino Oxide, ODEAO) was used to reduce the drag force of water mixture with surfactant. The main parameters of this experiment were diameter and pitch of wire coil and the ratio of test section length and horizontal wire coil length. In this experiment, the acquired results were 1) Drag reduction effect existed in this ODEAO-water mixture, 2) Friction factor and heat transfer were increased with insertion the heat transfer enhancement coil, 3) With increasing of pitch ratio, heat transfer was decreased, and 4) Heat transfer was decreased by the decreasing of inserting coil diameter.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 1985년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.87-94
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• 1985

In this paper, enhancement of speech corrupted by additive white or colored noise is stuided. The nuconstrained frequency-domain block least-mean-square (UFBLMS) adaptation algorithm and its frequency-weighted version are newly applied to speech enhancement. For enhancement of speech degraded by white noise, the performance of the UFBLMS algorithm is superior to the spectral subtraction method or Wiener filtering technique by more than 3 dB in segmented frequency-weighted signal-to-noise ratio(FWSNERSEG) when SNR of speech is in the range of 0 to 10 dB. As for enhancement of noisy speech corrupted by colored noise, the UFBLMS algorithm is superior to that of the spectral subtraction method by about 3 to 5 dB in FWSNRSEG. Also, it yields better performance by about 2 dB in FWSNR and FWSNRSEG than that of time-domain least-mean-square (TLMS) adaptive prediction filter(APF). In view of the computational complexity and performance improvement in speech quality and intelligibility, the frequency-weighted UFBLMS algorithm appears to yield the best performance among various algorithms in enhancing noisy speech corrupted by white or colored noise.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2012

Speech enhancement aims to improve speech quality by removing background noise from noisy speech. Independent vector analysis is a type of frequency-domain independent component analysis method that is known to be free from the frequency bin permutation problem in the process of blind source separation from multi-channel inputs. This paper proposed a new method of microphone array based speech enhancement that combines independent vector analysis and beamforming techniques. Independent vector analysis is used to separate speech and noise components from multi-channel noisy speech, and delay-sum beamforming is used to determine the enhanced speech among the separated signals. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, experiments for computer simulated multi-channel noisy speech with various signal-to-noise ratios were carried out, and both PESQ and output signal-to-noise ratio were obtained as objective speech quality measures. Experimental results have shown that the proposed method is superior to the conventional microphone array based noise removal approach like GSC beamforming in the speech enhancement.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.38-44
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• 2022

잡음에 오염된 음성의 명료도와 음질을 향상시키고자 음성 향상을 수행한다. 본 연구에서는 복소값 스펙트럼을 이용한 마스크기반 음성 향상에서 시간 영역 손실함수와 주파수 영역 손실함수에 따른 학습 결과를 비교하였다. 시간 영역의 음성 파형과 주파수 영역의 스펙트럼의 세부정보를 고려해 두 영역의 장점을 활용할 수 있도록 손실함수 조합에 관해 연구를 진행하였다. 시간 영역 손실함수는 Scale Invariant-Source to Noise Ratio(SI-SNR)을 이용해 계산하고, 주파수 영역 손실함수는 복소값 스펙트럼과 크기 스펙트럼을 Mean Squared Error(MSE)로 계산하여 사용하였고, sin 함수를 이용해 위상에 대한 손실함수를 계산하였다. 손실함수 조합은 시간 영역 손실함수인 SI-SNR과 각 주파수 영역 손실함수를 조합하였다. 또한 크기 값과 위상 값을 모두 고려할 수 있도록 SI-SNR과 크기 스펙트럼, 위상에 관련된 손실함수들도 조합하여 실험을 진행하였다. 음성 향상 결과는 Source-to-Distortion Ratio(SDR), Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality(PESQ), Short-Time Objective Intelligibility(STOI)를이용해 성능 비교 평가를 진행하였다. 음성 향상 결과를 확인해보기 위해 스펙트럼 상에서 비교를 진행하였다. TIMIT 데이터베이스를 이용한 실험 결과, 시간 영역 또는 주파수 영역 손실함수보다 SI-SNR과 크기 스펙트럼을 조합한 손실함수를 사용하여 음성 향상을 학습했을 때 가장 높은 성능을 보였다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2015

Objective : To determine whether the use of contrast enhancement (especially its extent) predicts malignant brain edema after intra-arterial thrombectomy (IAT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods : We reviewed the records of patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent IAT for occlusion of the internal carotid artery or the middle cerebral artery between January 2012 and March 2015. To estimate the extent of contrast enhancement (CE), we used the contrast enhancement area ratio (CEAR)-i.e., the ratio of the CE to the area of the hemisphere, as noted on immediate non-enhanced brain computed tomography (NECT) post-IAT. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the CEAR values being either greater than or less than 0.2. Results : A total of 39 patients were included. Contrast enhancement was found in 26 patients (66.7%). In this subgroup, the CEAR was greater than 0.2 in 7 patients (18%) and less than 0.2 in the other 19 patients (48.7%). On univariate analysis, both CEAR ${\geq}0.2$ and the presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage were significantly associated with progression to malignant brain edema (p<0.001 and p=0.004), but on multivariate analysis, only CEAR ${\geq}0.2$ showed a statistically significant association (p=0.019). In the group with CEAR ${\geq}0.2$, the time to malignant brain edema was shorter (p=0.039) than in the group with CEAR <0.2. Clinical functional outcomes, based on the modified Rankin scale, were also significantly worse in patients with CEAR ${\geq}0.2$ (p=0.003) Conclusion : The extent of contrast enhancement as noted on NECT scans obtained immediately after IAT could be predictive of malignant brain edema and a poor clinical outcome.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2017

This paper proposes a method to improve the image quality by designing Unsharp Mask Filter (UMF) based on Retinex theory which controls the frequency pass characteristics adaptively. Conventional unsharp masking technique uses blurring image to emphasize sharpness of image. Unsharp Masking(UM) adjusts the original image and sigma to obtain a high frequency component to be emphasized by the difference between the blurred image and the high frequency component to the original image, thereby improving the contrast ratio of the image. In this paper, we design a Unsharp Mask Filter(UMF) that can process the contrast ratio improvement method of Unsharp Masking(UM) technique with one filtering. We adaptively process the contrast ratio improvement using Unsharp Mask Filter(UMF). We propose a method based on Retinex theory for adaptive processing. For adaptive filtering, we control the weights of Unsharp Mask Filter(UMF) based on the human visual system and output more effective results.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2005

In this paper, an efficient performance enhancement scheme for an adaptive antenna array under the flat and the frequency-selective Rayleigh fadings is proposed. The proposed signal enhancement scheme is the modified linear signal estimator which combines the rank N approximation by reducing noise eigenvalues(RANE) and Toeplitz matrix approximation(TMA) methods into the linear signal estimator. The proposed performance enhancement scheme is performed by not only reducing the noise component from the signal-plus-noise subspace using RANE but also having the theoretical property of noise-free signal using TMA. Consequently, the key idea of the proposed performance enhancement scheme is to greatly enhance the performance of an adaptive antenna array by removing all undesired noise effects from the post-correlation received signal. The proposed performance enhancement scheme applies at the Wiener maximal ratio combining(MRC) method which has been widely used as the conventional adaptive antenna array. It is shown through several simulation results that the performance of an adaptive antenna array using the proposed signal enhancement scheme is much superior to that of a system using the conventional method under several environments, i.e., a flat Rayleigh fading, a fast frequency-selective Rayleigh fading, a perfect/imperfect power control, a single cell, and a multicell.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2011

Variations in ambient atmospheric carbon monoxide(CO) observed at an inland mining site in the Indo-Gangetic plains, Jaduguda ($22^{\circ}38'N$, $86^{\circ}21'E$, 122m MSL, ~75 km away from the coast of the Bay of Bengal) during the Tsunami of 26 December 2004 were monitored. CO mixing ratio over this site was measured using a non-dispersive infrared analyzer (Monitor Europe Model 9830 B). Back trajectory analysis data obtained using NOAA Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) Model was also used for this study. Variations in CO mixing ratio at a coastal site, Thiruvananthapuram ($8^{\circ}29'N$, $76^{\circ}57'E$, located ~2 km from the Arabian Sea coast) have also been investigated using CO data retrieved from the Measurement Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument. Ground-based measurements indicated abnormal variations in CO mixing ratio at Jaduguda from 25 December 2004 evening (previous day of the Tsunami). MOPITT CO data showed an enhancement in CO mixing ratio over Thiruvananthapuram on the Tsunami day. Back trajectory analyses over Thiruvananthapuram and Jaduguda for a period of 10 days from $21^{st}$ to $30^{th}$ December 2004 depicted that there were unusual vertical movements of air from high altitudes from 25 December 2004 evening. CO as well as the back trajectory analyses data showed that the variations in the wind regimes and consequently wind driven transport are the most probable reasons for the enhancement in CO observed at Jaduguda and Thiruvananthapuram during the Tsunami.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 좌-우향은닉 마코프 모델 (Left-Right Hidden Markov Model)에서 상태결정을 갖는 음성향상방법을 제안하였다. 은닉 마코프 모델에 기초를 둔 음질향상 방법은 성능은 우수하나, 모든 상태에 대해서 음질향상 알고리즘을 계산하므로, 계산량이 많고, 메모리가 많이 필요하여 실시간 처리에 부적절하다. 좌-우향 은닉 마코프 모델은 마코프 모델을 좌측에서 우측으로의 전이만 허용하는 모델로 단순화시켜 현재 상태에서 현재 상태나 다음 상태로 전이될 수 있는 특성을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는, 좌-우향 은닉 마코프 모델에서 유사도비 테스트 (Log-Likelihood Ratio Test)를 이용하여 현재 음성의 상태를 결정하는 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 현재 음성의 상태를 알고 있다면, 현재 상태에 대해서만 음질향상 알고리즘을 계산하므로, 계산량이 줄어든다. 제안된 방법의 성능 평가를 위하여 음질 향상 시간과 신호 대 잡음비를 비교하였다. 제안된 방법은 기존의 방법에 비해 음질향상의 결과는 약 0.2∼0.4 dB 정도 떨어졌지만, 계산량을 많이 줄일 수 있었다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제51권9호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2014

음성 인식을 위한 전처리기로 주변 잡음을 제거해 주는 음성향상 기법이 강조되고 있다. 다양한 음성향상 기법들 중 코드북 기반 음성향상 기법은 nonstationary 잡음 환경에서도 효율적으로 동작한다. 하지만, 기존 코드북 기반 음성향상 기법에서는 입력 신호와 음성 및 잡음 코드벡터 간에 미스매치가 발생하여 부정확한 게인이 추정되는 문제가 있다. 본 논문에서는 부정확한 게인을 보상하기 위해 long-term 잡음 추정 알고리즘을 사용하여 매 프레임 별로 신호 대 잡음비기반의 Normalized Weighting Factor (NWF)를 구하고, 이것을 기존 게인에 보상하는 방식을 제안한다. 제안된 코드북 기반 음성향상 기법은 기존 코드북 기반 음성향상 기법에 비해 향상된 성능을 보였다.