• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevance of the prediction equations derived from the relationship between metabolic energy expenditure and kinetic energy, for different speeds of walking and running over the treadmill. Seven male subjects participated in this study. A tri-axial accelerometer was attached on between the left and right posterior superior iliac spines. Kinetic energy was calculated by the integration of acceleration data and compared with the metabolic energy measured by a gas analyzer. Correlation coefficients were determined to find a relationship between the kinetic energy and the metabolic energy expenditure. Also, the difference between measured and predicted values was used to find the relevance for individual and group equations. Results showed a relatively good correlation between the measured metabolic energy and the calculated kinetic energy. In addition, a dramatic increase in kinetic energy was observed at the transition speed of walking and running (6 km/h). There was no difference in how to predict the kinetic energy expenditure for individual and group even though people have different physical characteristics. This study would be useful to predict metabolic energy expenditures by the regression analysis with acceleration data.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the energy expenditure and investigate the relationship between related variables in 70 female university students. Resting energy expenditure estimated by Harris-Benedict formula, WHO/NAO/FAO formula and various formulas based on body weight and body surface area were 1366.9$\pm$74.4kcal/day, 1287.8$\pm$106.6kcal/day, 1171.4$\pm$155.8kcal/day and 1342.0$\pm$97.4kcal/day. Measured resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry(Model : Metavine and TrueOne2400) were 1582.0$\pm$150.1kcal/day and 1268.2$\pm$152.9kcal/day, respectively. Average step number per day was 11981.2$\pm$3014.4 steps and average step number per hour was 746.1$\pm$198.0 steps/hr. Daily energy expenditure by using Harris-Benedict formula, body weight formula, body surface area formula, WHO/NAO.FAO formula and 15-min check list formula were 2374.7$\pm$249.6kcal, 2033.5$\pm$313.2kcal, 2331.2$\pm$266.0kcal, 2240.8$\pm$185.5kcal and 2195.5$\pm$398.3kcal. Meanwhile energy intake of subjects was 1714.9$\pm$551.2 kcal. Daily energy expenditure has positive correlation(r=0.262) with daily step number. And there was significant positive correlations(r=0.35-0.68) between various daily energy expenditures and muscle mass. These results suggested that increase of daily step number by using pedometer is good method to increase daily energy expenditure. In particular, increase in step number can reinforce the amounts of muscle.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.195-205
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the time spent, activity coefficient and energy expenditure on 7 different types of activity. Total of 386 5th and 6th grade primary school boys and girls in Seoul participated in this study. The participants spent 8 hrs for rest, 4 hrs for out of school study, 3 hrs for leisure, 1 hr 45 mins. for hygiene, 1 hr for commute, and 15 mins. for house choir activity in the day of 6 class hours. The average activity coefficient of 1 day for boys and girls were 1.69 and 1.64, respectively. The TEEs were 2,382 kcal and 2,050 kcal for boys and girls, respectively. The energy cost for study related activity (in school and study activities) was 40% of the TEE, and for rest 20%, for commute 9%, and for hygiene 10% of the TEE. The energy cost for house choir was only about 2% of TEE. The 91.2% participant's EER was higher than the EER shown in the table of 2010 DRI for Koreans. When the participant's EER was compared with the energy allowance calculated by the method in 2000 RDA for Korean, 81.6% was in the range of ${\pm}5%$, and the correlation coefficients between the 2 values were 0.981 for boys and 0.978 for girls, which means high agreements.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.354-365
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to search the obese related dietary factors of young adolescent girls for developing nutrition education program. In the cross-sectional study of 371 young adolescent girls, 25$\%$ were moderately obese, 13.2$\%$ obese, and a total of 39.1 were over moderately obese. The characteristics of obese girls were as follows. First, obese girls consumed more energy than is needed for physical activity. Their average daily energy intakes were not significantly higher and the daily energy expenditures were significantly lower than those of normal girls. Second, obese girls showed higher intakes of protein and fat, and ate more animal foods than normal girls. Fourth, obese girls skipped meals more often, especially breakfast. They ate less rice. For both normal and obese girls, their common dietary problems were low intake of calcium and iron, and high intake of snack foods. The result of this study shows that nutrition education programs for obese adolescent girls should be designed for eating habits, food balance and moderation. future research is to develop the effective nutrition education program for the obese adolescent girls.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.477-482
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• 2021

Hydrogen production, hydrogen production cost, and utilization rate were calculated assuming four cases of hydrogen production system in combination of photovoltaic power generation (PV), water electrolysis system (WE), battery energy storage system (BESS), and power grid. In the case of using the PV and WE in direct connection, the smaller the capacity of the WE, the higher the capacity factor rate and the lower the hydrogen production cost. When PV and WE are directly connected, hydrogen production occurs intermittently according to time zones and seasons. In addition to the connection of PV and WE, if BESS and power grid connection are added, the capacity factor of WE can be 100%, and stable hydrogen production is possible. If BESS is additionally installed, hydrogen production cost increases due to increase in Capital Expenditures, and Operating Expenditure also increases slightly due to charging and discharging loss. Even in a hydrogen production system that connects PV and WE, linking with power grid is advantageous in terms of stable hydrogen production and improvement of capacity factor.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.847-855
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• 2005

This study investigated and compared the daily activities and energy expenditure of normally-weighted and obese elementary school children. The participants were 115 boys and 115 girls (6th grade) at ten elementary schools in Busan. Time spent on each activity was evaluated using the twenty-four hour recall method. 1) The general characteristics of the normally-weighted and obese children did not differ, although the normally-weighted children exercised and used stairs more than the obese children.2) Among their classified activities, the children spent most of their time resting, study, leisure, physiology and hygiene, commuting, and housework in that decreasing order. Normally-weighted children spent less time tying down and in conversation with family and friends than obese ones. 3) The children's average activity factors were 1.47 - 1.50. The normally-weighted children's rest energy expenditure (REE) (1391.4 kcal,1264.7 kcal) was less than that of the obese children (1711.4 kcal. 1461.0 kcal) . The normally-weighted children's daily energy expenditure was less than that of the obese, but energy expenditure per body weight was less in obese children than in the normally-weighted. In conclusion, sedentary activities and energy expenditure per body weight was less in the obese compared to the normally-weighted children. Programs to help children perceive and practice desirable physical activities should be suggested for prevention of obesity in children. (Korean J Nutrition 38(10): 847$\sim$855,2005)

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.44-54
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• 2006

The study was conducted to assess the energy expenditure of 102 elementary school children. Body weight and height were measured and one-day activity diaries were collected by interviewing with children. The children spent about 9 hours 14 minutes sleeping ; 3 hours 40 minutes resting. They spent 86.4% of 24 hours (one day) in 'very light activities' and 13.3% in 'light activities'. Activity coefficient (1.41$\pm$0.11) of boys was significantly higher than that of girls(1.35$\pm$0.07). Activity coefficient (1.41$\pm$0.11) of 4th grade elementary school children was higher than those of 2nd and 6th grade school children(p<0.05). Resting energy expenditure estimated by Harris-Benedict formula, formula based on body surface area and DRI formula for Koreans were 1240.9$\pm$147.4kcal/day, 1386.5$\pm$206.9kcal/day and 1284.5$\pm$199.8 kcal/day. And daily energy expenditure by using Harris-Benedict formula, body surface area formula and DRI formula were 1708.4$\pm$258.8kcal, 1909.8$\pm$341.8kcal and 1771.1$\pm$341.9kcal/day. These results suggested that nutrition and exercise program to increase the energy expenditures of primary school children should be developed.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.69-78
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• 1986

Meals served in school cafeteria for teachers were evaluated in terms of calorie and nutrient level and food composition. Daily energy expenditure of teachers was compared with caloric content of the meal. The followings are results of the study. 1) Twelve different foodstuffs were used in each meal of school cafeteria for teachers. The average amount of food served meal was 396.0g. The ratio of animal food to total food served was 13.2%. The meal was consisted of 44.8% of basic food group 4, 34.7% of basic food group 3, 19.3% of basic food group 1, 0.4% of basic food group 2 and 0.9% of basic food group 5. 2) The average caloric content of the meal was 629.9Kcal. The caloric ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat to total calorie was 72.4% : 15.3% : 12.3% respectively. The ratio of animal protein to total protein was 43.2%. In meals of school cafeteria, the level o fall nutrients except iron and niacin was lower than RDA for male, whereas the level of all nutrients except protein and niacin was lower than RDA for female. 3) The average daily energy expenditures of teachers were 2,017.2Kcal for male and 1,735.3Kcal for female. The meal in school cafeteria supplied 93.7% of daily energy expenditure of male teachers and 110.0% of daily energy expenditure of female teachers. When planning meals in school cafeteria, recommended allowance, actual energy expenditure and food preference of teachers should be considered to improve the quality of meals. Also it seems desirable to give teachers the nutritional education for taking balanced diet.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.5701-5722
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• 2018

The continuous increase in the cost of energy production and concerns for environmental sustainability are leading research communities, governments and industries to amass efforts to reduce energy consumption and global $CO_2$ footprint. Players in the information and communication industry are keen on reducing the operational expenditures (OpEx) and maintaining the profitability of cellular networks. Meanwhile, network virtualization has been proposed in this regard as the main enabler for 5G mobile cellular networks. In this paper, we propose a generic framework of slice resource provisioning and customized physical resource allocation for energy-efficiency and quality of service optimization. In resource slicing, we consider user demand and population resources provisioning scheme aiming to satisfy quality of service (QoS). In customized physical resource allocation, we formulate this problem with an integer non-linear programming model, which is solved by a heuristic algorithm based on minimum vertex coverage. The proposed algorithm is compared with the existing approaches, without consideration of slice resource constraints via system-level simulations. From the perspective of infrastructure providers, traffic is scheduled over a limited number of active small-cell base stations (sc-BSs) that significantly reduce the system energy consumption and improve the system's spectral efficiency. From the perspective of virtual network operators and mobile users, the proposed approach can guarantee QoS for mobile users and improve user satisfaction.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.222-237
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• 2022

As the COVID-19 pandemic crisis left developing countries with economic setbacks, it is high time to highlight that innovative technologies lead the digital economy. The big powers including the United States and China are already implementing industrial policies that involve large-scale fiscal expenditures to secure the lives and safety of their people. To prepare for the future up to 2025, this paper reflects opinions of industry-academia-research experts regarding changes in the external environment and industry trends. By reflecting results of focus group interviews and changes in the external environment and industry trends, a new high-level 5X strategy (Digital Transformation, Energy Transformation, Bio Health Transformation, Supply Chain Transformation, and Research Transformation) to solve national tasks required for the existing ten policy demand fields and ten agenda during lower-level policy implementation stages were derived.