• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.359-372
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• 2005

The strong protection method of radiation emergency preparedness is the evacuation when a great deal of radionuclide material is released to environment. Required factors for evacuation time estimate of Ulchin nuclear power plant site were investigated. The traffic capacity and the traffic volume by season were investigated for the traffic analysis and simulation within EPZ of Ulchin site. As a result, the background traffic volume by season were established. The NETSIM code was applied to simulate for 12 scenarios in the event of normal traffic/summer peak traffic/winter peak traffic, daytime/night, and normal weather/adverse weather conditions. The results showed that the evacuation time required for total vehicles to move out from EPZ took generally $210\~315$ minutes. The evacuation time took longer about 45 minutes at night than in the daytime, and 45 minutes in adverse weather than normal condition.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.91-118
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• 2019

Every year, many people are severely injured or lose their lives in accidents such as fire, chemical spill, public pandemonium, school shooting, and workplace violence. Research indicates that the fate of people in an emergency situation involving one or more hazards depends not only on the design of the space (e.g., residential building, industrial facility, shopping mall, sports stadium, school, concert hall) in which the incident occurs, but also on a host of other factors including but not limited to (a) occupants' characteristics, (b) level of familiarity with and cognition of the surroundings, and (c) effectiveness of hazard intervention systems. In this paper, we present EVAQ, a simulation framework for modeling large crowd evacuation by taking into account occupants' behaviors and interactions during an emergency. In particular, human's personal (i.e., age, gender, disability) and interpersonal (i.e., group behavior and interactions) attributes are parameterized in a hazard-impacted environment. In addition, different hazard types (e.g., fire, lone wolf attacker) and propagation patterns, as well as intervention schemes (simulating building repellent systems, firefighters, law enforcement) are modeled. Next, the application of EVAQ to crowd egress planning in an airport terminal under human attack, and a shopping mall in fire emergency are presented and results are discussed. Finally, a validation test is performed using real world data from a past building fire incident to assess the reliability and integrity of EVAQ in comparison with existing evacuation modeling tools.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.687-698
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• 2011

In this study, it was analyzed by a numerical analysis that plan/design considerations for ensuring the spectator safety of large arena audiences in a fire emergency evacuation plan. The latest issue, the 'performance-based design', fire and evacuation plan is important. But nowadays 'Specification-based design' is in common. In evacuation simulation, congestion of exit and aisle is ignored because only evacuation time of large-space is mainly analyzed. In smoke flow,'smoke filling effect' tends to be overrated. From now on, when design a field house, it is needed not 'smoke filling effect' and 'large-space evacuation' analysis, but analyzing 'whole building evacuation time' for ensuring fire evacuation safety of spectator.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.196-205
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• 2016

Background: The emergency planning zone (EPZ) of the city of Busan is divided into the precautionary actions zone (PAZ) and the urgent protective action planning zone; which have a 5-km radius and a 20-km to 21-km radius from the nuclear power plant site, respectively. In this study, we assumed that a severe accident occurred at Shin-Kori nuclear unit 3 and evaluated the dispersion speed of radiological material at each distance at various wind speeds, and estimated the effective dose equivalent and the evacuation time of PAZ residents with the goal of supporting off-site emergency action planning for the nuclear site. Materials and Methods: The total effective dose equivalent, which shows the effect of released radioactive materials on the residents, was evaluated using the RASCAL 4.2 program. In addition, a survey of 1,036 residents was performed using a standardized questionnaire, and the resident evacuation time according to road and distance was analyzed using the VISSIM 6.0 program. Results and Discussion: According to the results obtained using the VISSIM and RASCAL programs, it would take approximately 80 to 252.2 minutes for permanent residents to move out of the PAZ boundary, 40 to 197.2 minutes for students, 60 to 232.2 minutes for the infirm, such as elderly people and those in a nursing home or hospital, and 30 to 182.2 minutes for those temporarily within the area. Consequently, in the event of any delay in the evacuation, it is estimated that the residents would be exposed to up to $10mSv{\cdot}h^{-1}$ of radiation at the Exclusion Area Boundaries (EAB) boundary and $4-6mSv{\cdot}h^{-1}$ at the PAZ boundary. Conclusion: It was shown that the evacuation time for the residents is adequate in light of the time lapse from the initial moment of a severe accident to the radiation release. However, in order to minimize the evacuation time, it is necessary to maintain a system of close collaboration to avoid traffic congestion and spontaneous evacuation attempts.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2022

Purpose: This study analyzes accessibility of outdoor evacuation places for earthquake and the accessibility improvement effects when expanding the evacuation places in accessibility-deficient areas. In order to consider real-world evacuees, the accessibility analysis is based on service population not on resident population. Method: Location-allocation model as a GIS-based spatial optimization mode is used to analyze accessibility and vulnerable areas to evacuation places. Of location-allocation problem types, 'Maximize Coverage' method is chosen to allocate as many potential evacuees as possible to evacuation places. And impedence cutoffs or evacuation distances (times) are applied to three classes: 500m (7.5 minutes), 1,000m (15 minutes), and 1,500m (22.5 minutes). Case study area is Jung-gu areas, Seoul as a high-density downtown area. Result: Results show that accessibility-deficient areas and population to evacuation places are much more in service population than in resident population. Accessibility is significantly improved when increases when expanding the evacuation places in accessibility-deficient areas. Yet, accessibility-deficient areas are still remained since available lands are insufficient in the high-density downtown area. Conclusion: The study suggests that temporary evacuation facilities like outdoor evacuation places for earthquake need to consider real potential evacuees based not only on resident population but also on service population. Also, policy measures to provide emergency shelters need to more utilize spatial optimization tools like location-allocation model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.117-124
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• 2012

There have been recently introduced new types of urban metro vehicles called LRT (Light Rail Transit) running on elevated guideway such as Uijeongbu VAL(which stands for V$\acute{e}$hicule Automatique L$\acute{e}$ger: Automatic Light Rail Vehicle) system, Yong-In LIM(Linear Induction Motor) system, Incheon international airport MAGLEV(Magnetic Levitated Vehicle) system and Daegu monorail system. Most of accidents by the vehicles are bound to happen on elevated guideway. Therefore, it is of vital importance to analyze hazards related to vehicles running on elevated guideway and study emergency evacuation scenarios applicable in case of accidents on elevated guideway so as to secure the safety of the new types of urban metro vehicles. In this study, FTA(Fault Tree Analysis) model was developed to identify all possible hazards, and all possible evacuation scenarios were studied. It was also confirmed that each hazard can be corresponded to one or more evacuation scenarios. This result shows that passengers can be evacuated according to one of the scenarios identified in this study in case of an accident of "Train Stranded on Elevated Guideway".

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.7
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• pp.2519-2528
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• 2022

The child pick-up behavior of parents during an emergency can cause heavy traffic congestion and failing to evacuate an affected area successfully. In this study, we analyzed the effect of child pick-up behavior using, as an example, a nuclear power plant accident caused by an earthquake, which is a typical no-notice emergency. A quake was assumed to occur near the Shin-Kori nuclear power plant in Ulsan, Korea, resulting in a nuclear power plant accident. An agent-based dynamic simulation model using VISSIM was employed to conduct sensitivity analyses with different child pick-up rates. The results confirmed that parents are a major cause of congestion and a vulnerable class in an emergency evacuation. The child pick-up behavior caused significant traffic congestion, and parents who pick up their children showed a higher evacuation failure rate.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.34-42
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• 2014

This study is a fundamental research to determine the emergency evacuation roads considering road network function and connectivity. First of all, the functional aspects of the road networks are analyzed in the target area, Sejong city, by using degree centrality(DC) and closeness centrality(CC) from GIS based database. Secondly, how network connectivity makes a change in user's travel pattern and travel time and how it affects the whole network are analyzed using TransCAD simulation program. Finally, after performing cluster analysis of index, first and second emergency evacuation roads are determined by judging the characteristics of clusters. The results of this research will be helpful for making a decision to diminish secondary damages when confronting unexpected disasters.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.83-93
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine potential differences in pre-hospital cases of cardiac arrest and drug Intoxication between elderly group and non-elderly group on local emergency activity sites of rescue 119 team for those cases, so that it can provide useful reference materials for a system of corresponding emergency medical services. Methods: Patients with cardiac arrest and drug intoxication in the elderly and the non-elderly group were analyzed by analyzing the Ambulance Run Report for 3 years from January 2007 to December 2009. Results: According to analysis on potential differences between elderly and the non-elderly group, it was found that there was no significant difference between elderly cases (evacuated to hospital due to cardiac arrest and drug poisoning) and non-elderly cases in year of onset (p = .247), quarter of onset (p = .813), sex (p = .235), consciousness state (p = .126), place of onset (p = .215) and number of first aid services (applied to emergency cases) respectively, but there were significant differences between elderly cases and non-elderly cases in guardian availability (p = .042), time zone of onset (p = .050), distance from the site of onset (p = .278), type of onset (p = .000), number of first aid services depending on distance of evacuation (p = .008) and effectiveness of emergency care (p = .003) on statistical basis. Conclusion: It is important to establish a system of early emergency case reports for rational emergency case management with lower mortality; shorten distance from the site of onset at each time zone of onset in emergency cases; employ more emergency team members; facilitate firsthand / secondhand medical instructions for emergency teams in specialized emergency care depending on distance of evacuation for each kind of onset (elderly group vs. non-elderly group); and improve rate of resuscitated emergency cases by extending the scope of works for emergency medical technicians into wider applications, so that it will be possible to take timely and appropriate measures for emergency settings of ever-increasing aged population in near future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.4572-4579
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• 2013

South Korea people and government pour growing interest on emergency evacuation shelters due to recent threatening of North Korea provocation. However, survey says the border area suffers lack of 278 shelters compared to population, needless to say the lack of class-2 shelter in case of provocation. Firstly, this study visualized the evacuation buffer area and summarized acceptable population for all class (1~4) shelters in Cheoan neighbor(dong). Specifically, for the class-2 shelter coverage in old downtown neighbor (Sungjung-dong, Jungang-dong, Munsung-dong), this study calculated evacuation excluded population and deficient shelter area through GIS buffer analysis. As a result, the old downtown needs $25,546m^2$ shelter area more that can accommodate 56%(30,657man) of the population.