• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2010

Purpose: This study analyzed the characteristics of stable pelvic bone fractures with intra-abdominal solid organ injury. Methods: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed from January 2000 to December 2009 of patients with stable pelvic bone fractures. A stable pelvic bone fracture according to Young's classification is defined as a lateral compression type I and antero-posterior compression type I. Subjects were divided into two groups, one with (injured group) and one without (non-injured group) intra-abdominal solid organ injury, to evaluate the dependences of the characteristics on the presence of an intra-abdominal solid organ injury. Data including demographics, mechanism of injury, initial hemodynamic status, laboratory results, Revised Trauma Score (RTS), Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), amount of transfusion, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality were analyzed. Results: The subjects were 128 patients with a mean age of 42 years old, of whom were 67 male patients (52.3%). The injured group had 21 patients(16.4%), and the most frequent injured solid organ was the liver. Traffic accident was the most common mechanism of injury and lateral compression was the most common type of fracture in all groups. Initial systolic blood pressure was lower in the injured group, and the ISS was greater in the injured group. Arterial pH was lower in the injured group, and shock within 24 hours after arrival at the emergency department was more frequent in the injured group. Transfused packed red blood cells within 24 hours were 8 patients(38.1%) in the injured group and 11 patients(10.3%) in the non-injured group. Conservative treatment was the most common therapeutic modality in all groups. Stay in the ICU was longer in the injured group, and three mortalities occurred. Conclusion: There is a need to decide on a diagnostic and therapeutic plan regarding the possibility of intra-abdominal solid organ injury for hemodynamically unstable patients with stable pelvic bone fractures and for patients with stable pelvic bone fractures along with multiple associated injuries.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.63-76
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• 2006

This study was designed to get basic data about AIDS educational program development of students of university, especially for students of the department of Emergecy Medical Technology. The objective of this study was to identify the level of AIDS related Knowledge and Attitude of freshmen of university. The subject for this study consisted of 2022 male and female students who entered in 2005to Gongju National university in Chungnam province. Data was colledted by self-reporting questionaire consist of 66 items on 20th, February, 2005. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows. 1) The mean overall knowledge score was estimated to be 70.22%. 2) The knowledge score about definition of AIDS was high(93.2%). but knowledge score about progression and incubation period was low(48%). 3) AIDS related knowledge about diagnosis with blood was was high(91.2%), but those about period of antibody formation was relatively low(66.2%). 4) The score about latent appearance of AIDS-related symptoms was hlgh(93.7%), but those of apprehension of individual symptom was very low(57.5%). 5) Percentage of correctly answered respondent about transmission with needle and transfusion was very high(>94%), but the score of transmission through the anal and oral sex was relatively low(75-79%). 6) The knowledge score about prevention with condom was high(89.5%), but misconception of disinfection and vaccination was also high. 7) Acknowledgement about utility of consultation, information, treatment was very low (10-17%). In the end, the study concludes that it is necessary to develop comprehensive AIDS education programs to improve knowledge about the disease as well as to allay the fears and anxiety of the contact.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.449-454
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• 2018

Objective: The SAFARI score was introduced to assess the risk of convulsive seizure during admission for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in 2017. This study was conducted to determine whether the SAFARI score derived from the afore-mentioned study could be applied to patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in Korea. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who were diagnosed with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage from March 2013 to October 2017. Patients' age, sex, blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature, Glasgow-Coma Scale, Hunt-Hess scale, modified Fisher grade, size of ruptured aneurysm, surgery type, transfusion, and SAFARI score were compared between the seizure and non-seizure groups. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curves was calculated to evaluate the predictive ability for seizure during admission. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze predictive factors for seizure during admission. Results: A total of 220 patients were included. Ninety-seven (44.1%) were male and 123 (55.9%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 65.8 years old (range, 56-75). The area under the curve of the SAFARI score for predicting seizure was 0.813. The SAFARI score was the only significant predictor of seizure during admission, while other factors were not statistically significant upon logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: The SAFARI score could be used for predicting seizure during admission in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to elucidate the prognosis, and other clinical features, such as time to surgery and the amount of transfusion, of small bowel injury (SBI) accompanied by liver injury (LI). Methods: We investigated 221 patients with SBI who visited an emergency center from October 2000 to March 2019. We excluded patients with injuries that directly led to mortality, and the remaining 149 patients were divided into the SBI alone (SBI-A) group and the SBI accompanied by LI (SBI-LI) group. Data were collected for preoperative and surgical outcome variables, and the treatment results were compared between groups. Results: The SBI-LI group had a higher mortality rate than the SBI-A group (22.4% vs. 14.3%), but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.061). There were no significant differences between the SBI-A and SBI-LI groups, except for the amount of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion (SBI-A: 3.53±0.1 vs. SBI-LI: 8.38±0.7 packs, p=0.035) and the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay (SBI-A: 6.7±0.2 vs. SBI-LI: 11.1±0.5 days, p=0.047). Conclusions: The SBI-LI group required more RBC transfusions and longer ICU stays than the SBI-A group. SBI accompanied by LI may show higher mortality than SBI alone; however, since the difference was not statistically significant in the present study, larger-scale follow-up research is needed.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 2007

Purpose: The management of hemorrhagic shock is critical for trauma patients. To assess hemorrhagic shock, the clinician commonly uses a change in positional blood pressure, the shock index, an estimate of the diameter of inferior vena cava based on sonography, and an evaluation of hypoperfusion complex shown on a CT scan. To add the finding for the hypoperfusion complex, the 'halo sign' was introduced recently. To our knowledge, this 'halo sign' has not been evaluated for its clinical usefulness, so we designed this study to evaluate its usefulness and to find the useful CT signs for hypoperfusion complex. Methods: The study was done from January 2007 to May 2007. All medical records and CT images of 124 patients with trauma were reviewed, of which 103 patients were included. Exclusion criteria was as follows: 1) age < 15 year old and 2) head trauma score of AIS ${\geq}$ 5. Results: The value of kappa, to assess the inter-observer agreement, was 0.51 (p < 0.001). The variables of the halo-sign-positive group were statistically different from those of the halo-sign-negative group. The rate of transfusion for the halo-sign-positive group was about 10 times higher than that of the halo-sign-negative group and the rate of mortality was about 6 times higher. Conclusion: In the setting of trauma, early abdominal CT can show diffuse abnormalities due to hypoperfusion complex. Recognition of these signs is important in order to prevent an unwanted outcome in hemorrhagic shock. We conclude that the halo sign is a useful one for hypoperfusion complex and that it is useful for assessing the degree of hemorrhagic shock.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 2016

Objectives: A 74-year-old male patient with unresectable advanced gastric cancer (clinical initial stage T3N+, Borrmann type III) admitted due to gastric bleeding at tumor site. On first admission day, hemoglobin level was 5.7g/dl and performance status was grade 3 according to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status(ECOG-PS). After performing red blood cell transfusion as an emergency treatment, hemoglobin level was increased up to 9.5g/dl. However, bleeding of oozing site was continued. For hemostasis, decoction of notoginseng radix (30g/day) was administered since day 7 after admission. The dose was elevated to 40g/day after hemoglobin level was decreased to 6.5g/dl on day 11. Since then, melena was stopped and hemoglobin level was maintained over 9.1g/dl. This case shows the hemostasis effect of decoction of notoginseng radix on gastric bleeding in unresectable advanced gastric cancer.

• The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.225-230
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• 2018

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (UGIB) is the most common GI emergency, and it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early identification of low-risk patients suitable for outpatient management has the potential to reduce unnecessary costs, and prompt triage of high-risk patients could allow appropriate intervention and minimize morbidity and mortality. Several risk-scoring systems have been developed to predict the outcomes of UGIB. As each scoring system measures different primary outcome variables, appropriate risk scores must be implemented in clinical practice. The Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS) should be used to predict the need for interventions such as blood transfusion or endoscopic or surgical treatment. Patients with GBS ${\leq}1$ have a low likelihood of adverse outcomes and can be considered for early discharge. The Rockall score was externally validated and is widely used for prediction of mortality. The recently developed AIMS65 score is easy to calculate and was proposed to predict in-hospital mortality. The Forrest classification is based on endoscopic findings and can be used to stratify patients into high- and low-risk categories in terms of rebleeding and thus is useful in predicting the need for endoscopic hemostasis. Early risk stratification is critical in the management of UGIB and may improve patient outcome and reduce unnecessary health care costs through standardization of care.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.210-218
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics and nursing activities of severe trauma patients regarding damaged body parts in Busan Regional Emergency Medical Center. Methods: A survey using a 'trauma patient information questionnaire and a list of nurse activities' was conducted with 133 patients over 15 points ISS on EMR from June 1, 2011 to May 31, 2012. The collected data were analyzed by the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: Almost all of the subjects were men, and the mean age was 48.8. The amount of road traffic accidents was 60.4%, and the mean RTS and ISS were 6.08, and 23.14 points. Nursing activities in common were airway management, assessment of LOC & GCS, and EKG monitoring. Most of head and neck trauma patients were cared for manasing using intracranial pressure: each patience had the following assessed: pupil size and light reflex, they were checked the leak of CSF, kept $30^{\circ}$ head elevation, and administered medications. Some of chest trauma patients were treated for chest tube and central venous catheter insertion. Partial abdominal trauma patients were administered analgesic and cared for using arterial pressure measurement. Part of the limbs and pelvis trauma patients were given a blood transfusion. Conclusion: Based on the results, the characteristics and nursing activities were specific according to the specific damaged body parts.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2010

Purpose: High-grade (III, IV, V) renal injury may need interventional management. We investigated whether the selective embolization of the renal artery is effective for the treatment of major renal injury in comparison with emergency renal exploration. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical and radiologic records of patients who underwent surgery or embolization for renal injury (Grade III, IV, V) between January 1990 and December 2007. We analyzed the change in treatment method before and after 2000, the blood pressure, the hemoglobin at the time of visit, the hospital days and the complications in patients who received surgery or embolization. Preserved renal functions of the embolized kidneys were identified by using enhanced CT. Results: Cases of surgery and embolization were 37 and 13, respectively: 5 and 4 in renal injury grade III, 17 and 6 in grade IV and 13 and 3 in grade V. Cases of surgery and embolization were 33 and 1 before 2000 and 2 and 12 after 2000, repectively: embolizations increased after 2000. No significant differences in mean diastolic pressure, hemoglobin, hospital days and complications existed between the surgery and the embolization groups (p>0.05). However, the transfusion volume was significantly smaller in the embolization group (p<0.05). One postoperative complication occurred in the surgery group. We identified the preserved renal functions of the embolized kidney by using enhanced CT. Conclusion: Embolization could be one treatment method for high-grade renal injury. Thus, we might suggest selective embolization a useful method for preserving the renal function in cases of high-grade renal injury.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.238-241
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• 2017

A 52-year-old man experienced blunt trauma upon falling from a height of 40 m while trying to repair the elevator. The patient's systolic blood pressure and hemoglobin levels were 60 mmHg and 7.0 g/dL, respectively, upon admission. A large volume of bloody discharge was observed in the open wound of the perianal area and sacrum. A computed tomography scan revealed an open comminuted sacral fracture with multiple contrast blushes. He underwent emergency laparotomy. Both internal iliac artery ligations were performed to control bleeding from the pelvis. Protective sigmoid loop colostomy was performed because of massive injury to the anal sphincters and pelvis. Pad packing was performed for a sacral open wound and perineal wound at the prone position. After resuscitation of massive transfusion, he underwent the second operation 2 days after the first operation. The pad was removed and the perineal and sacral open wounds were closed. After the damage-control surgery, he recovered safely. In this case, the hemodynamically unstable, open comminuted sacral fracture was treated safely by internal iliac artery ligation with pad packing.